ӿ߱ , š տ} Žl La ߱ Ѧš& T h, ɱ ߱ ߱ š ձ ԿX ձ߱ M Ժ X La ›‡ ձ › h ձ߱ y ߿ ߱ Žš ߱ ›‡ y զ† ձԿ† , š c “ձ ” ձ™LDZ ձ ߱ M ձ߱ Q ձ Ž Q& ձ ſ ձ – , ձ™LDZ ձ •International humanitarian law—, X ߱ ߱ ձ , տ߱ S™L ձ, ߱ ߱ Q 䱿 ձ߱ Q Q :, ߱ Q Žš X߱ 揿 š Ž X ԩ†™L+, ձ߱ ձ š ߱ ձ տ߱ } š ߱ Ѧ S †˜? M š զš La ߿ ߱ ձ™LDZ ձ տ߱ , զš š ߱ ›‡ զ† †˜? ӿ߱ ™L ձ ɱˆ Kɱ ߱ š fj տ߱ Ž š h ɱ ™L ſ ŽS †˜? ߿ ǩ† ӿ߱ ›, †˜? ™ h տ߱ † M •Amnesty International : Iraq : The need to deploy human rights monitors MPE 14/012/03, March 03— Z, ߿ : / ߿ ɱ Š š Ѧ x տ߱ ›߱ •A. I : Iraq : Ensuring Justice for human rights abuses, MPE 14/080/2003, April 2003— ߱ M ձ߱ ̿ տ߱ Ž •Amnesty International— ›g ձ™LDZ ձ š + ™ Ž Q& DZ › ձ߱ ™L Sn& ›Ž ɱ? ձ › œ Ž M ſ߿ Ժ X ߱ ™L Ž › Q ౼ ߿ ɱ? , Ze տ߱ ɱ, ձ ™ ɱ, Ž š h, , / 汿 տ߱ |X ›† › ߱ ձ™LDZ ߱ , ձ™LDZ ձ ߱ h ߱ M տ ߱ Q h ߱ տ߱ X › V , տ ߱ y ‘’ ſ} ձ™LDZ ձ ›Ÿ ձ ߿ ߱ ձ& ߱ ߱ M › ›M ߱ ߱ ߱ ձ ߿ › š ձ › ߱ = ձ DZ ߱ judgement ձ™LDZ ձ X & & ‘X ձ’ a ձ ߱ M S™L ɱ , ձ տ տ߱ › Ž ձ™LDZ ձ Q M , ſM •4— šӿ X ձ › Ž S™L ձ / M ϼ 12 ձˆ, 1949- ſM •X տ߱ Ž S™L ſM— ſM տM 1977- 75 •X ߱ Ž S™L ſM— › ձ™LDZ ձ ›Ž ձ 䱿S › ձ ›ɼ ſM 27 , ձ™LDZ ձ ߿ , ̿ տ߱ Ž Q ™ š տ œ, տ߱, DZ տ߱, › Ž -߱ , Ͽ›, Ž , ԿM ߱ DZ X ұ œ Ž , / ˦š › ߱ Ѧ ™ տ Z 汿, , Ze ߱ տ › ‘X’ › La Ž š ձ™LDZ S ߿ ſM ߱ ›߱ “ › |X ɿM տ߱ ” ձ › |X ɱ߱ ɿM ™ տ߱ B, DZ տ™Q Ž ߱ Ͽ M߱ տ߱ & ™LM , ̿X – › տ߱ ™L ŽS, ձ™LDZ ձ & ™ ӿ ձ •1958 ‘The law of war on land’, ‘The law of land warfare’ FM 27-10, Dept of the Army Field Mannual, 1956—. ձ™LDZ ߱ ձ, տ߱ ſM, Ž • ɱ—, ɼ ſM& տ ձ߱ S տ߱ ߿, 1966- ‘International Covenant on civil & Political Rights’ (ICCRR)- q 1997 “ſM { տ߱& ‘State Party’- ߱ տ߱” տ߱ ɱ ſM ™L & տ߱ q , , Q ߱ ߱ ߿ †˜-La ߱ , ߿ ߱, X ™ › ձ™LDZ ձ h ձ߱ 榤 ձ™LDZ տ߱ Ž Q ‘ձ™LDZ տ߱’ ձ ‘ձ™LDZ ’ ձ i ɱɱ G ԩ†™L+, › •combat— š ›S M ŽS, j ߱ › ‘ձ™LDZ տ߱’ ձ M Ž › , ‘ ձ’ ձ™LDZ Q ߿ Ž ߱ S Ž 42 : “߿ ߱ ™ SnŽ Q ձ S = ™ Q ›‡ ߱ ” ձ߱ ɱ FM-27-10 •351 B— : ձS߱ M& ߱ = ձ › X™L & › La ߱ ™ š ſ / = ձ ߱ տ V = La , š š ߱ ձ ߱ š ߱ ›‡ B Q h M = La ߱ ձ™LDZ ձ ߱ ›Ÿ , M ߱ ձ DZ M , M š š › La , M Q š ™ ߱ Q c ߱ / † / • š S™L ɱ— ߱ M ›߱ Q š ձ ̿ Q h ſM •4 — տ ‘‘ Ze߱ M B ߱ ߱ 汿 ” ‘Ž ’, տ߱ ſM ™LM տ߱ ɱ •8 — ɱ ɿM B ߏ ߱ Z ߏ ձ™LDZ ձ f ߱ տ߱ զšϼ ſ տ Ž Q 43 “ձ Q ߱ , տ Ժ M X } y ձ ” š ߱ ߱ ߱ M š ™ ߱ Q ߿ զš ›‡ , c ˩†˜ › ߱ ߱ , ձ Ѧ ձ ձ™LDZ տ߱ ձ / / ߱ ձ ɱˆ Kɱ †˜? : / Ѧ ӿ Š ӿ ߱ †˜? զš ߱ + & i ߱ i š • 1945- DZ—, ߱ DZ ձ™LDZ ձ ߿ Q • ſM 1 — q “ ſM › ŽS œ ſ} ” M ſM , ձ߱, ɱ ձ › š ձ™LDZ տ߱ ձ ߱ a ſ ձ ձ߱ ߱ M Q 43 ձԺ X Ž ߱ M Q ߱ , ߱ M “X › h M Ž š •27 – ſM— M ߱ › Ž ߱ M •— ձ™LDZ ձ •— 1979- †˜? •— 1990- †˜? - / ” 3 › Ͽ › ձ ߱ տ M › ߱ h™L ŽS ձˢŸ˦a ̿ Ͽ ձ ߱ տ ձˢŸ˦a › , “ Ժ š Ѧ ſ , Ž , › , ߱ ɿM B Ž B h š ›߱ ” “›“combat ſ ߱ Ž ? ŽS ߱ Š ձ / ŽS DZ Ɀ U Š ŽS& X ɼ Ž › ›‡& X Š K ›S DZl ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ձ † Ž›l ձ-Ժ X , ſ Ž ߱ q ſ տ߱ ձ ձ ſ ߱ ձ߱ ձ Ħ X B h 2. , S ߱ M Q = ſM 55 “ y › ձ ” ɱ ɱ, 56 , ߱ M “Q š › / ›‡ , ˦š , š S ɿ h ™ š Q ” 59 , “ ™ S & M ŽJ ” ӿ †˜ ߱ Ž ICRC “ , a ” & ŽŽ ™ † S š ߱ ™ Q ſM •60 — ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ձ ™Ž ߱ Ž ™ ձ™LDZ ɱ ձ ›‡& ICRC, Iraqi Red crescent Society, International Red Cross Redcresent Movement ߱& ™ † 3. ձ š ձ La ߱ զš S ſM 64 , “տ ձ š q ɿS h ſM › ߱ Ͽ› ձ ſ ſ ձ ߱ •-335-336— , ձ ߿ Ͽ տ “ ձ š , ™ ձ ŽS › “ Ze ձ& ߱ ߱ ձ ѿ տ › ձ ſ ɿS ձ › ߱ M S™L ICRC- ߱ ɱɱ ձ “ š Sn › ” Z “ ߱ ձ iœӿ ” q ձ ձ ߱ B ſ ſM 68 G , c 18 š › 1949- G ɱ ߱ ձ › 100 ߱ ձ ۿ › ߱ ձ™LDZ | ձ ɱ ɱ, X ɱ G + ձ߱ ™L ձ ձ™LDZ ձ Lš, & ɱˆ Kɱ U ձ& ™L, Resolutionary Command Council ɱ ŽS G /B •A. I, Iraq systematic torture of political prisoners, MDE 14/005/2001, Aug 01— ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ձ ձ™LDZ ձ ſ ɿ ſM ձ S™L & ™ G B ſ 4. ߱ M ձ › Ž ߿ ߱ Ž ձ ߱ ſM 64 “տ = š , ſM , ߱ Ž , M Ž š ” -337- ߱ qɱ, |, , š ɱ ɱ ձ š 65 , ߱ ձ š Ž տ ſ ձ, Ž ձ& ߱ › ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ſM ձ š ߱ ձ ™ ձ Ͽ M ձ š Ѧ †˜? ձ߱ ߱ ›‡ Š 5. ձ տ߱ŽS ſM 54 , ߱ DZ, ߱ ™L ŽS ձ/߱ ɱ & ߱ •64 — ձ- š 66 , ߿ ߱ ձ š , š ɿ ձ ձ “preferably in the territories” ߱ Z ›‡ ձ 67, 69 75 ̿ ɱK 汿 Ž 1 › 75. 1 ſ ™ ɱK X ɱK& ձſ ձ™LDZ տ߱ ձ d ſM ߱ ɿM Q 33 “ 76 , ̿ ɿM › › տ jQ ſ ICRC- › ɱˆ Kɱ U ™L ߱ ߱ ɱ ձ h ձ DZ ›Ÿ ɱ DZ ձ߱ ‘>’ ߱ ‘ ’ ձ , ձ™LDZ ձ ™L ɿM h ձ߱ ߿, ձ , ձ™LDZ ձ ɱ ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ձ ձ™LDZ ձ / ߱ ſ ձ h ձ& ձ™LDZ ձ G 6. jQ ™L ſM 78 , ߱ M ‘Ž ɿM’ M › , h ™L ſM ձS߱ ™L š X™L X ѿ† ɿM ձ տ߱ ™LM ձ X™L DZS Ž ’ ™L ߱ Ѧš Z M Z š ɱˆ Kɱ ߱ ɱ Ժ ›Ž զš › š ձ߱ ձ , ߱ ™L Ŧ† տ ձ h ɱˆ Kɱ զš jQ ɿM ^n i ™ j › ſM 7. DZ, › ſ “ “տ ߱ ߱ ߱ ™ › DZ” h ߩ† g q , , ™ / ŽS , ߱ ɱ X ›ɼ 8. ‘Ž ɿM’ ſM 49 “V , ɿM ߱ € Ž › x , ſ™ Patriotic Union Democratic party, ձ߱ / ߱ ձ ӿ ձ߱ ߱ M 49 S X š ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ߱ ™L ձ ߱ ɿM ձ߱ ŽS ɱK ɿM տ߱ Occupation law Z Ž ձ߱ ձ ߱ S M ձ™LDZ տ߱ Ͽ& 9. M ›Կ Ž 46 • — ձ߱ ‘ɿM ’ Ž ɼ “ տ h, ›, ›Կ / ԿŽS , •55 —” ձ߱ ›Կ “M ɱ T , ձ ” ߿ X ſM •147 — ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ Ž ɿM M Ž M ߱ & ™ 10. Kɱ S ߿ ӿ߱ S ߿ Ž ̿ Ž& ſM S •143, 5 — ձ ߱ › q , ™ j ߱ j ſ B ɱˆ Kɱ ձ߱ ICRC- / ߱
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