X ձ ˝ Ž ›Կ ձ ձ Ž ›Կ ˝ ߱ DZ ұ MWݼ ձ M ձſ MW ұ MWݼ , M ձſ ձ Œ † ձ , ձ ˝ Ž ›Կ MW զa › ձ • — Ž Ž › ™ ߱ ߿ ›‡ , ›Ÿ–ձ &, ұ ձ , y •1— X Ž›S g ˝ •2— ˝ MW M ڱ MW •3— MW Ͽ Ž &Q , MW h & { ߿ › •4— ڱ Š ‘ڱ’ •—- , , ߿ › •5— ձ›l •K—- Ž- •--—€ •6— Ž S ߱ ˝ Ž S 1 Ž ˝ ̿ ձ ` ձ ձ߱ ˝ , X ɼ X ߱ La La T զa (WMD) ߱ ߱ › ›Q ™ ձ ձ߱ Ž 2002 , › 11,250 ߱ ɱ DZ ˝ 11 M Ž ձ 22,000 ߱ ɱ Կ Z M ` Կ M 骱 ߱ › ձS ‘‘ſ M S’’ ™ M ұ h š ߿ ߱ ›‡ , ߱& 豿߱ ߱ ˝ 骱 La d ձ߱ ™L š , , Ѧš& Bſ, ɿM = , / ɿM , › տM š Ͽ / X › c Ͽ ߱ ߱ ձ B, ‘ ’ h y y צ ſ Կ ſM ߱ Š Ͽ M l߱ & M † ձ h ɱ? ձ ձ ձ q ձ߱ ձ߱ ſM ߱ ձ߱ , & ߱ ‘’ l߱ & ߿ Ž h 1991 X™L ‘’ ^ S 6.11.2000 †˜ 汿 ӿ + - ‘’- ձ 2000 V -^ ‘’ ſ 10 †˜ ‘’ ™L ` ^ ‘’ ›‡ M ձ߱ 骱 -^ ‘’ S ұ † ߱ & f ` h ‘’ 20 40 h ձ߱ ^Ͽ ձ߱ , h h ^ ^n ڱ ձ ŽJ ɱ j š ձ V ‘’ ›Ͽ ձ ձ߱ ձS ߱ ձS ձ ɱ 骱 ɱ Ž ߱ X ߱ ߱ ձ X , h ձ™LDZ S Ze h , & –•1— ڱ Ͽh 汿& Ze •2— } i & | ſ ߱ Ze •3— ڱ & ߱ Ze † ˝ ڱ S X h ߱, h™L DZ ߱ DZ ұ ˝ ™ ™LԿ† ߱ ˝ ڱ ſ Ͽ ›Q ձ M B † ™ X ߱ ߱–, - ‚ ſ ձ, ձSR ձ ‚ h j 3 Ž ™ -Ͽ, ™L Ͽ 12 ձ › X Ͽ ձSR ձS ձ c ‚ Ͽ |& š i X V X ԿS ձ Ͽ / Ͽ ձ ſ 3 •1— 䱿 Ǧš j S, •2— h •3— ™L = ˜ ձ ߱ ҿ , ҿ ‘M’ ſ 90- Ÿ ſ Ǧš ɱ ߱ ſ ‘ɱ’ ſ ſ M M ձ DZ x T ‹ ɱ߱ U汿 ‚ h M h h ɱ‚, Ž Ѧš, : ›‡ ձ Ѧš ɱ ɱ䱿 Š / ŽS զ ԿX ɱ Ͽ M ߱ DZ ŽS ձ- M ߱ſ h 2000 ™L T ™L › 7 骿 7 Ž ߱ ҿ ݼ ұ ˝ ™ & 3 2002 M˩†˜ ұh 29,9,68.4 •1 = 100 ߱— Ǧš ձ h ߱ ձ › h ߱K ɱ߱K ǿ ձ߱ ™L 4% ձ h ߱ j ™ Ͽ / f ɱ‚ 9/10 ›` ߿ ձ ſM տ ߱ ձ iœ ‘ձ hLa’ 1980-1998 ߱ ſM տ q ɱ‚ ŽS 2.4 骿 ſ f ձ ɱ M†˜ ſ ձ h ſ 18% 汿 ` › 42% j › ߱Q, ұ, -, v | l Ž ߱Q 6.2% ߱ ߱ ɱ 1 ߱ 10 Ž ߿ ɱ ɿ DZ ɱ Ͽ– | DZ .. .- ձ ұh 1 1250 ڱ F , ߱ 䱿 ‚ M ձq Ž ձ, զa S, hLa, Ž ™Ž X ձ| B ڱ ձ ™L h c 1989 ›Ze ձ߱ ™Ž X-& ‚ Ž ձ , •1989—, Z? •1989—, •1989—, •1989-90—, •1990—, ̿ ձ •1990-91—, •1990—, •1991—, •1992-94—, ˝ •1992-94—, •1993-95—, •1994-96—, S •1995—, •/— •1996-97—, •1997—, ձ •1997—, •1998—, ձ᱿š •1998—, •1998—, ᱝ •1999—, ձ᱿š •2001—, •2003— ›/ { 1890-2003 113 ձ߱ 130 ձ 䱿 Z X l ձ ™L 58 65 ™Ž ߿ Ͽ ձ S-M-S ‘’ ™ ڱ M ſ ‘™L X’ ڱ ſM ‘ ߿’, ‘ɱ' ձ߱’ - 19 20 , , Φ j ڱ M X 50 100 200 ſM †˜ - ձ ‘ ˩†˜’ ߱-M ߿ ›- ձS Žd X-ձS-F 䱿 ™ ˩†˜ ǿ Ͽ-Ͽ-ѦԨ 䱿 ǿ † q ‘ ˩†˜’ ߱ ձ , , , M ߱, ɱ , ™ j- & ߱ ™LM › X, X, ձ᱿š ձS ™L X •2003— ˝ ڱ › Ž ›Ÿ ›‡ X †˜ ſh h ڱ Ž › - ˝ S տM, S ձ߱ BS ձ ›Q ›‡ › - U› › ›S Q ߱ X ߱ ձS ڱ q q ˝ Ͽ La ձ™LDZ š ›‡ š B ߱ ձS ߱ = տ߱ ձ߱ , ڱ-䱿 M › ձ ڱ ձ † M M › Q B ձ߱ MW ſ M ›‡ •1— ` X ˝ ձ ձ •2— ŽS i ›ſM տ߱ ˝ M ӿ߱ , •1— ڱ Ͽ Ž M , •2— ɱ ڱ Q M › •3— ſ տ M ›i , ձ᱿™ ›Կ ˝ ձS ߱ / ߱ ձ߱ ˝ •900 — › – S 10 ˝ ɱ } y •†˜ — q La ձ‚ ߱ M†˜ †˜ ۿh ձ™LDZ ձ h ڱ ձ߱ Ͽ ڱ š ߱ ›Ž › ™ ŽS ߿ ߿ˆ ɱˆ DZ M& ™ ڱ ߱ Ž q ᱝ ` i ‘’ ձ ‘’ T: ` ձ߱ †˜ œ X M ձ™LDZ hS ձ߱ Bi B X qS ձ X ձ᱿š q q X c Š { ձ™LDZ B ߿ M-ձſ ڱ S ձ߱ M ˜ ` X l ڱ Ͽ ߿Š X M h M ˩†˜ , , M ߱ ›Կ †˜ Ͽ զa y › տ q , T զa Ž ’91- X ձ߱ ›߱ 78 ᱝ ձ߱ Sn ձ › &ҿh ձ ձ᱿š X ձ߱ Q X † ſ ɱ ‘’ Ž › Ž ձ K ‘K 2020’ ™Lɱ › (Full spectrum Dominance) € M ɱ U汿 M k ߱ ›Ž ™ ߱ š La ձ M j › ձ ձ, ‘‘ h ձ Ž Q œ M†˜ š ™L ^n h Ž › ™Lɱ › MW ߱߱ ’’ X ձ߱ ﱼ ߱ 7500 ߱ ^ › 3,10,000 ߱ ߱ 4 ›Ž › ߱ X c ›Ž DZ ձ ߱ 37,900 ߱ ›Ž l Ža ұh ձ߱ 100 ߱ › & ұh 100 ߱ l X 3000 ߱ ձ X ձ߱ 11,000 ߱ ߱ f տ X 2,100 ߱ 3300 ߱ տ ߱ ߱ S ߱ › 28 Ž ɱ ߱ ձ Š+ ձ߱ } ſM ձj › ߱߿h U& ձ Ͽ ұ , ‘ ߱ ’- , ^n X 5000 ߱ ձ X h 14,000 ߱ ұ , ɱ ձ/ ձ ұ X hh 9900 ߱ ձ 1,92,400 ߱ ڱ Ž X ߱ Ŧ† ‘ ’ T ձ h ձ ձ 25 100 T, ձ La K ձ߱ ձ߱ T Q B, ߱& , › Bš DZɿM ߱& ߱& † , ߱ ձ߱ k, DZ, X-, › ߱& ߱ տB †˜ X ڱ ߱ , ڱ †˜M S U汿 ߱& T™ Š, Ͽ Ž ‘’ ‚ ߱ ›߱, X q ձ X DZ ߱ 900 š 5 ߱ ձLa DZ ‡ ձ& , j, j, ™, h, DZ , , , ձ DZ ߱ ߱& – ` , , ɱ DZ, , v DZ, DZ– ™ ߱ ߱& B & ǿ ߱ › DZ / B ɱ › , ձ߱ †˜ ɱ La ˝ M ߱ M ˝ ձ ڱ MW ձ › 90 ձ h ɱ ձ MW ˝ ձ 2 ڱ MW ڱ, ſ DZB ™ •1916— Lš X ſ տ, ձ/ ɱ _, տ߱ , ߱ ձ U ſ †˜ ձSR X ˩†˜ ߱ X տ ɱ ɱ 19 20 h ſ ſ} ߱ DZB ™ DZ ڱ ™ › ձ X y h Ÿ-ҿ , ڱ 汿-†˜ ߱ DZ Qi X ڱ 汿-†˜ ڱ ſ ߱ Ž ұ ſ ڱ 5 † ձ ұ , ſ ߱ ǩ† ™L B ™ ڱ ſ i ߿ š ſ +™L †& ›߱ (.........when the features of the epoch of transition from capitalism to a higher social and economic system had taken shape.......) ſ † ˩† q – › B † ߱ , ............imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism ڱ ѿŽl :, ɱ ѿŽl : S Ǽ : Ž ձŽ ߱ ڱ 5 ˩† M : : Imperialism is capitalism in that stage of development in which the dominance of monopolies and finance capital has established itself; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts has begun; in which the division of all territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed. ұ Lš h : ɱɱ ˝ { 5 ˩† ɱɱ +– •1— › Կ† f ſ f ™ ߱ ߱ Կ† DZ ӿ߱ B ߱ ™, › +™L ߱ ɱ , › ձ i ›S - ձR S ɿM ſ† ɱM M ձ‡ › +౿ c ߱ † , & , 20 q Ši & ߱ h™L › ұ &Q & ߱ , ſ ̿ ߱ Š& ߱ Š &Q ұ ߱ ſ Ž ›G ԿX ߱ ձ -߱ Š& ߱ Ze- •2— ɱ‚ ſ Š ſ & › Ž ɱ‚& ӿ߱ ɱ‚& › ձ ߱ K ŽS ӿ߱ c ɱ S › ߱ ™ ſ › -ҿ (money capital) ձ ұ ձ & ŽS ɱ ſ† La ڱ La ߿ ۿ ›S Š ߱ ŽS h ɱ‚& S ™Ž &Q h Š ɱ‚ ſ Ÿ S ɱ‚ Š- ſ ɱ‚ ſ DZ + ſ B, Š-ſ +™L B Ÿ ſ (Finance capital) La ɱ‚, c ߱ Š DZ f€ € ɱ‚ Š – Ÿ ſ Ÿ߱ ‡ ›Q (Financial Oligarchy) ſ† f Ÿ ſ M ɱ‚& ߱ ձ ߱ - › ŽS › ߱ + –A monopoly, once it is formed and controls thousands of millions, inevitably penetrates into every sphere of public life, regardless of the forms of government and all other details ’’ DZ ™ ›‡& Ÿſ ‡ϼ •3— Ÿҿ ձ™LDZ Կ† ſ l ӿ߱ La › ձ S l c La x DZ (latest stage) ߱ ձ ſ l Ši ſ ZM ҿ & l ߱ ҿ h , , ſ , ұ ™ ſ ձ› ›S ձ ſ l y Š ߱ › & Կ† B ſ l ߱ B ߱ S ſ ‘‘տ-!’’ Կ ^ ŽS ſ ſ† Ši ſ l ˝ տ߱ 汿 ڱ h ߱ ˝ La ߱ › , ҿ l߱ ſ Ÿ ſ M h h Š Ѧš DZ , › ɼ Ÿ ſ h h ˝ ›‡ ɱ‚& ɱ S ӿ߱ •4— ձ™LDZ ſ (combines) h ձ ҿ l߱ & +߱Ǽ c Ÿſ ſ , ߱, `, 骱ˆ › M ߱& & Š ſ c ſ տ ұ ſ ձ Կ† ſ l h, h, h › ߱ h, & ߱ ձ™LDZ ſM , ձ™LDZ ߱ , › ҿ ɱ DZ - ߱ †˜ Ѧš& Ÿ ſ X ձ™LDZ ߱& ſ & ߱ DZ ߱ i ſ h Žd h d ˝ h + ™L d, | ™Ld ſ ߱ f B S ɼ ſ M y •5— ҿ M M ſ & h ™L / M & h Ǽ DZ †˜& h Ǽ h = h M, DZ h ˝ ` M Կ ձ ߱ ` ߱ Ǽ y 1860 1870- h ˝ ` ›G &Q † ſ Ÿ ſ La +™L h M } La ߱ ›- ™ 1876 ձ™LDZ ҿ & › ſ M } ſ ߿ , ұ › h ұ ұ h h h y ұ Ÿ ſ &Q ߱ ›ſM i ձQ ߱ ɱ‚ ſ Ÿ ҿ G Ÿ ſ M - ߱ h , Ͽ, – ɱ & ſ ڱ & i S i + +™L߱ DZ ձ †˜ ձ‡ c ߱, Ÿ (financial) Ͽ h , ߱ h Ͽ Ͽ Ž V Ÿ ſ M Žɼ ұ h ſ l h › ߱ h • ߱, h, ɱ › ߱— ձ ` h ձ ɱ 1876 ձ߱ M& ߱ G 1“10 Ͽ ߱ X h DZ ɱ X ߱ DZ ` c 1900 ձ߱ 9“10 տ & ߱ +, ˝ h - ڱ M 5 † ձ} ձ ϼ ձ ڱ ˝ ձ 5 † ձ , ձ h { Lš ձ , , , ڱ ›S տ › ›† ` , Կ = Ši ڱ † Ͽ ߱ Ž › iœ ߱ ›‡ , › (technical) ɱ ߿ S ſ MW (rentier) ߿ ™ ԿX ߱ ſ l Bi | rentier state, †˜ ձ || ſ Կ† › ɱ Bi › ڱ DZ | ߱ | ձj ձ ſ ڱ † SX h ұ ɱ (The place of imperialism in History) - , d ڱ ſ’ š DZ B Կ† ſ š ߿ B š +™L , La Ze& ſ տ S ձ ߱& Ʀ h ڱ h † &, – ߱, Ž^ ‡ (oligarchy), › ›Q ›†, ſ† Ž 汿 Z S Ž^ 汿 ڱ , Žž ſ Žž › ſ ^n ԿX ձ߱ Š ߱ , DZ | ߱ ™, ߱ › ߱ ߱ ›߱ ſ ձ ^n h ԿX h ŽS, ſ-X Ž ›߱ ڱ ձ ›/ Ǽ › X q , Z Xݼ X- ` X DZ ڱ ›Ž š q , g - - Ͽ ձ ™L ˝ ڱ S y ӿ, Ÿҿ, ɱ‚, ߱, ſ Ÿ-ſ l, ڱ M& , U汿 Ѧš, ڱ 汿-†˜& X, ›Ze, 汿& h ڱ- – ձ ˝, X ›Կ ߱ ձ ڱ MW ſ ſ { ›€ 1916 › 90 ſ , Ͽ, &Q , DZ † h & MW h h †& ձ ڱ ſ S ߿ , ڱ ™ ɱɱ - †& ߱ (not a dogma, but a guide to action) X ɱ ձ †& ձ Z€ MW DZ ұ ձ ߱, ҿ, X, |, , ſ, Ÿ ҿ–& ձ &Q SM Ͽ, ѦԨ, :MW, Ž ձ MW › Lš › –Later on, we shall tryto show briefly, and as simply as possible, the connection and relationships between the principal, economic features of imperialism. We shall not be able to deal with non-economic aspects of the question, however much they deserve to be dealt with • ™Lɿ › ձ Կ† ձ ձ ߱ — MW ›g M ձſ ǿ ߱ K :MW ѦԨ, ſM , ձſ ŽLa Ͽ ɱ ›/ M ձſ MW ɱ-, ߱ ™LԿ† ձ qX † ձ X ߱, M ձſ MW ձ ߱ , տ- (overdetermined) 3 ձ † ձ š † ſ › h ձ Կ h ˝ i ᱿ - h ձ ձ› h B Ž ſ ߱ Կ h ұ S ұ, , › ձ S h (Cosmopolitan) Š T ձ Š ұ ձ S 1848 ߿ˆ ɱˆ- c q ؿ h ձ߱ & › ſ l › X 1970- ™L ұ ձ 1980- q ձ B š / ؿ / ؿ h › X ™L ձ™LDZ h ձ ձ h 1975- -ձ߱ Ši ﱼ ɱ ŽS š › i ԿX տ ؿ , տ ɱ › X ձ ɱ ſ ߱ { Ǽ &Q Ÿ ſ › ձ ڱ M& Ze ձ ſ, , ڱ †˜&, ߱ c ձ ſ †˜ UU ձ ձ ſ ˩†˜ S ձ MW ձ & ձ ձ ձ ձ ſ ڱ - ߱ ſ տ ™L ߱ ›S Aɱ h B Šſ ձ™LDZ ձ › Ÿ š ˩†˜ La ձ ձ™LDZ -ձ , ›ſM, š ^n i ձ™LDZ › 1980- Ši & ձ ձh & ^n h ^, ` ձ h 5 & ^n DZ Š , ˆ`-^ ſ B ^n, ձ h ^ , ` S h h 籼 c ſ}™L ˝ S ſ ߱ Ž 汿 ߱ ߱™L h, ^ ձ ` ߱ ſ ձ ձ ſ ձ ձ ſ ԿM ձ ԿM ձ ſX ձ ҿ ߱ : † Ͽ h Š- ߱ Ͽ › ſ ſ Ͽ ձ Lš ձ ߱, DZ h ձ ձ ձ™LDZ ™L h •1— ձ ›ſM & ^ ` Ž ߿ ɱ ձ U& ߿ ˝ i ˆ, ` ^ y U& h ɿ ձ › › ձ߱ h •2— Q ߿ h h Ÿ ›‡ – ߱, `, ` ɱ Ž Ž = h ›Š ›‡ •3— 20-30 ձ ŽS › ձ U ߱ ߱ ߱ – Կ† ŠŽS Š ŽS 30 -›S ߿ ^ i i i ߱ S ɱ h B ᱿h, Š, 骿 Š–& ۿ aŠݼ v ߱ q Š ›‡ ߱ i ſ ߿ B ߿ ^ ߱ B , ߱ ߱ ߱, ձ ߿ ձ߱ ɱ B , ձ ߱ݼ ɱ ›‡ ձ h B c ߱ f / La ձ f ձ h B f La ߱ B La l –Ši h h –, `, ɱ, 鱿- ļ Aɱ , ձ ձ ſ h h ߱ ɱ X d ձ Ši h ߱ , ձ U汿 ߱ MW ſ ߱ ſŠ i B ›ſM ߱, ›‡ 榤 ɱ, | ſ La Lš , Ÿ š ɱ ›, ɱ ߱ ҿ |, ˝, ձ / ›-La U Ͽ-Ͽ ձ ձ DZſ Ѧš ߱ ǩ† , ߱ h , ߱ -V K ߱ Š› › ſ MW Կ h Š | , | S ſ M ձ ձ Š› ձ h ߱ | ߱ ձ , ſ š , ſ ձ ſ , ձ-߱ Ժ h , y ۿh | ڱ †& › š ſ, Q–- ձ Կ† ڱ š š › Lš , š , › ڱ- ձj ڱ Ͽ ›M , |, ڱɿ Ͽ Ͽ ߱ տ- (overdetermined) &Q † › տ h ˩†˜ `-M Ͽ ™L †˜ Ͽ › › ձ™LDZ La߱ ›‡& + ſ տ ^ϼ Ž , ձ™LDZ -›‡& j Ͽ ձ ձ h ձ™LDZ ›‡ ˩†˜ Q B Ž › ߱ †˜ ߱ † †˜ ձ †˜ ›‡ ձ™LDZ ſ Ͽ ұ † c S , ԿX, , ^ ɱ ձ™LDZ ›‡ ߱ g ձ տ ɿM S h, , ›ſM ձ La Ͽ ߱ ձ , ›S ձſ x߱ ›/ ›Ÿ , ߱ ձ Œ Φڱ ™ſX ձ † †˜ ձ ߱, Կ†, ߱ , -߿ › † ձ š ձ † ձ h, ձ ˝ ›ſM ŽS Š , , -, -, , ɱ տ i ›ſM ߿ ɱ ߿ ˦ , - ` ›S տ S , › š M ձſ š •ˆ ߿`— M-ձſ •ˆ 뱿ǿ— Ž ڱ- Lš 1916 › X › ɱ Ѧš, Z X 1945- †˜€ ձ ձ™LDZ Ѧš, ձ= -ˆ Ѧš&, . . ., . . ., տ- ɱ ߱ , ߱ , ߱ ߱ V –ɱ, K, , ߱, ձ , ɱ, , ſM , . . ., , . . ., . ., ձ, ձ, n K-, -7 q ձ › › . . ., -8 ߿ ձ ձ W.T.O. ұh MW, K ձ, Ž ̿X ձ, , Š ձ, ſM ɱ‚, I.M.F. ձ Ž, h | | ձj ձj& ɱl K X, Ž /- ›, X ›€ ձ ›™L , –, ߱, /, B , d, q, †˜ – ɱ, ձ , , ž߱ տ߱ h h i ձR- (Identity)-M, š, `, f - › ձj S &Q B |-M /, 汿, , h, Ͽh 汿MW ɱ ѦԨ ›Ÿ ձj& h h - ڱ ձ š, ™L †& , ձ ҿ ˩†˜ S &Q ձ š h ߿ › † ڱ †˜€ ſ, ڱ Q€ &Q€ € ›ſM š ›€ տ- Ѧš& ӿ߱€ ձj ձ |- ڱ ڱ– ſ տ- ߱Ŀ ߱ ߱Ŀ , ߱Ŀ DZ ߱Ŀ DZ, ߱Ŀ › ߱Ŀ › ›˝Ÿ ձ -DZ ߱ M š Ze š ߱ , š ›Ž ›˝Ÿ M 4 ‘ڱ’ ߿ ɱ ›La Կ† ڱ X h › ձ‡ ›‡ Q ڱ Žt 10“12 ձ߱ Ͽ, , ™L , զ߱ ڱɼ ɱ- h ձ ߱, ڱ q ŽLš Ž ұ ߱ ұ ſ ›Կ Lš ڱ ﱼ c { ›- › MW ձ ұ - ‘ڱ’- ɱɱ ұ •2001— Lš ߱ &Q ڱ ұ ‘ڱ’ ձ ڱ ›/ ߿ c / ձ ڱ ˝ ›, DZ ұ ձ Z, Ͽ &Q & ڱ MW h ﱼ , ձſ ŽLa ɱɱ ŽS ‘ڱ’ ձ y ‘ڱ’ ‘ڱ’ Š ӿ߱ † ձ š B MW ߱ › n y ߱ ұh g ›| concrete analysis of concrete situation -DZ ұ Ž ձ ˝ Ž š M ˝ ձ Žɼ ˝ ›, › ձ ˝, , , ձ , ɼ ձ ˝... , ﱼ ڱ ڱɷ ڱ ڱɷ ڱ ձ ڱ ڱ ڱɷ • { › š ձ ձ q ›/ & ձ X — , ڱ ձ ձſ 汿& ߱ 汿 ձ ձ M-ڱ ™ › ڱ +™L ڱɼ ڱ ߱ ߿ › ߿ MW Կ†߱ ڱ ɱɱ ձſ h M& ڱ M-›™ 汿-˩†˜ Q c ‘‘ڱ’ ‘ڱ’ ձ ڱɷ ڱ › 榤š ߱™L › ձ ձ߱ , ™Ž ߱ 汿-˩†˜ Ž ߿ ڱ ›" f y ڱɼ ڱ ™L& iœM, › Ž ߱ K i c汿߱ (network)- ɼ •— •— Q › ڱ ̿ † ڱ ߱ Aɱ ɱɱ , ᱝ &ҿh , տ Q ›‡ ߱ X , Ž › ߱ h ™ ™L , hh ձ , ڱ M , ڱ c ™L › Bi ™L ` h ˝ ™LŽ ڱɼ › › ߱ ™LŽ S ɱ, ſMX, M ™L Q ›‡ , ڱɼ ڱ X , ߱ › ›Ze , Sn X ߱ X q ™LŽ ɼ , `X ™ h & `X &, ߿ ձ™LDZ ſ Ž › Q h ձ߱ ұ › X ձ߱ › Ž + › ձ߱ ձ Կ ſ ߱ ›Ž B ſ ڱ ߱ ߱ ڱ Ǽ DZ X ſ h ſ ߱ ڱ ϼ › › , ſ › c ɱ , ձ , ձ ›‡ ɼ q › › - ձ ſ ڱ ™L-Ž X › B, ձ߱ V , &`- ձ, Sn &`- ™ ſ ɱˆ ‚, ›M ᱝ `& ™L, ߱ - B › M Ž& ‘ڱ’ La ڱ, ڱ Q Ͽ › 汼 La c ڱ ߱ ձ߱ X , ڱ ձ h ߱ ڱ h ߱ ™L ձ, ԿX , ߱, ڱ S ձ| ڱ ` M T ŽLa ™LM ڱ Ž La M , La M ձ La ߱ ڱ ձ ›La ڱɼ ˩†˜ Q ձ ڱ Կ G ߱ ߿ ߱ ձ տ ›Q ߱ – > Ͽ ѿ X , ڱ տi La La, , ձR †˜ ձ ˩†˜ Q › ڱ M Q + ߿ -ſM (logic of rule)- X տ- (supranational) ᱿ ۿ ᱿ տB † š (organism) š & M q , & † š M , ձ տ- & ߿ -ſM Z S ձ Q & Z Q ɱ + ڱ (Empire) ձſ Q ӿ ڱ S q ڱ , ڱ Ž ߱ ` f ›‡ › -f (decentered) -`-߱ (deterritorializing) -La iœM, › ™L SX Q ™LM ‚ ձR- (hybrid identities) B- ™-߱ (hierarchy) UQ 䱿 ڱɼ ձ c - La ˝ ڱ S Ŧ† & ڱ ɱ , ڱ š ڱ M š–ڱɼ ɱ Q La + ›S (constitutionalisation) MW ˝ › ߱ MW 汿-†˜ MW ձ ձ š B š ܿ ɱ ұ Ž U MW ɱ ߱ տB ſ š iœ ܿ ɱ Ž- h ߱ MW ϼ ߱ MW ˝ i = ɱ 汿 ›߱ (dominant) ſ 汿-†˜& ձ ڱ ›Q (domination)- › Bi 䱿 B Bi ™ { S ɱ ձ ձ i ڱ M › &Q ›š ߿ Ž Z Ž տ- (overdetermine) (unitary) + ߱ տ߱ տi ſ} M- M-ڱϼ , › ɱ& DZ , ›ſM, S տS B B La Ž 汿-˩†˜ Ͽ Q ›‡ Ž ›Q߱ (dominant) 汿-†˜& ձ h™L Q B › B 汿-†˜ ձ › Ž 汿-˩†˜ Q B -M ڱ š B ڱɼ ڱ h T Ž ձ ڱ DZ ›Q (domination) + ڱ S ›S& ſM߱ M& y ձ q ›S& , Ž , ڱ iœ ‚ ‚ › ‚ ›/ ұ ڱ ϩ† iœ / š , ڱ տ߱ ɱ& š, MW › 屿h ձ Ze MWMW (ontological) M y ڱ ɼ q –ڱ X ڱ 屿h, ™ (at the same level of totality) ڱ Q (regime)- ߱ š (spatial totality)- , ‘’ Կ › ߿ Šš ڱ š , Q ڱ - ߿ ܿ Q ڱ š š š ߱ š -š ™L ڱ ›Ž , ߱ ﱼ ڱ -g ›Ž ™ (materiality)- ™ ɱ ™ +™L ұ g ŽS ߱, &M M ձſ ™L ұ ұ ɱ Ž -La߱ (self-regulating) -߱ (self-reproducing from within) -߱ š ڱ , & &Q , 骱k ɱ DZ •. . .— & -ɱ ſ ̿ Ž߱ ߱ DZ ſ -ɱ ŽS c Z U汿 骱kɱ `†˜ Ŀ DZ& ˝ `& - ߱+ Ժ-š (order)- ɱ ձ ŽS › (the symbolic), d S& (immaterial nexuses)- ɼ S& ձ ߱ Š& Z c& ߱ š // ձ ߿ š M ߿ -ɱ h Ͽ Mſ , Կ† ձ ߱ , ұ , ѦԨ (overlap) Ž-` (invest) š ˆ ڱ ߱ , ™L ڱ q ߿ † ` MW , Կ† q ￩ (interactions)- La , ›Կ † Žd ڱ - ɱ + š ڱ Š ۿ Z , ձ › 汿 ſ c S # š 1960- , ߿ˆ, La Lš x ‚ & ߱ S߱ ™L h › ŽS& ™ S߱ ™L R - ™L ›-ŽS& M (subjects) ձ= ‡ ձR- (identities) › & š (localization)- ˝ ұh ſM DZ š M ձj Ͽ Ž ŽS š •ձR- ` —- ɱ c汿߱ MW, , ӿ (space)- M ձſ › ұ š š w™L Ž w™L ߱ ɱ ˝ ɱ ұh ձ ձ ߱ ɱ (dichotomy)- M + Կ†߱ DZ ձ MW (primordialism) ձR , K ſ X Š | ձ ӿ߱ ›, ձ Š Ϸ , ڱ ߱ h MW ſ ™ MW߱ (homogenizing) MW߱ (heterogenizing) ›& ſ (multitude)- Ž ձ, ˝ › ‘ ’ ڱ ձ DZ ձ ڱ- ڱ ձ ǿ (reconfigured) B Կ† Ž - M ڱ , ߿ ›-ڱ (counter-Empire)- ɱ DZ Ǽ ›-ڱ ɱ › Š ڱ ձ™LDZ ڱ ձ ›Կ , ˝ B › & ›߱ -›ɱ & / / B Z i ձj { – ձ Φ •1989—, X ɱ , ˝߱ ^ • 1992—, k | •, 1995—, Ž ߱ | •1996— & ɱ , տi Sn Կ › ڱ La + (in its generality) ձS š& Ŧ†+ (particular), DZ (general) c d ڱ ɱ š ձS ›Ž › Š ձ տi Sn + iœ տi DZ (communication) ڱ ܿ DZ ߱ ձj ڱ X ߱ ™ ߱ Lš B Q ڱ ձſ Q Q Ž c ڱɼ 汿 ձR (spiritual) DZ ձſ & ›S › › 汿 ݼ Z , › 汿 ›S Ͽh 汿& ›S 汿 ›Q߱ # ԿX , ۿ › ߿ c , ߱ Œ M › c ›Q߱ M ™L h ™L & Žݼ ձ MW ձR-, M ž߱ (black nationalism)- ŽS, › & տ M ›S ž ձ߱ ձ߱ MW + (uniformity)- M | ձh ձ x ߿ ` (segment)- ߱ › , ձ߱ ձ߱ ŏ, › ߱DZ Z? ߱ Ŧ†+ ›߱ h Z ˩†˜ X ߿ ұ , 汿 Z? › ߱DZ › š 汿 Q ߱ M DZ Š › 汿 (imagined nation)- ™L ™ տ™Q ſM 汿 †˜ DZ , ձſ Q ™ h ߱ տ M DZ Z ϼ ұ , ڱ X ձ h ˝ DZ ձ ˩†˜ Q Ž Ͽ ɼ ˩†˜ ձ ߱ M › Ͽ › ڱ ڱɼ ڱ M˩†˜ ѿ h ! ۿ ɱ ™ ™ + Ž c (Network Power), Q ڱ ›/ ձ ұ , M˩†˜ Q ձ ߱ ›S ձ ձſ Q ڱ (imperial) Q ߱ ߱ M ұh ſ տ: ձ Ž X Ž &B Z La i c ™ , Q › ߱ ™L ɼ ߱& Q ` ` ߱& ձj › Q , տ ™ ѿ Ͽ S߱ ߱ V S ߱ M c S M ߱ › › ձR-La ›S M Z ߱ ձ߱ › ڱ (imperial movement)- ɿ ձ , ձ߱ › ձ ձ߱ ձ߱ S ` X ձ߱ ұ ڱ X 䱿 Ͽ , ɿ , ձ߱ ڱ ӿ #Ͽ DZ c汿 Ž (Network Power)- ɱ ӿ #Ͽ ڱ, ڱ- ڱ ߱ X ߱ ڱ 汿 (Racism) ұ G ձ ›߱ MW + MW M ѦԨ M MW ڱ +™L MW & š MW ѦԨ Lš (signifier) & 汿 Ͽ š (Key Representation) ڱ ™LǿM-߱ (all-inclusive) ™L , 汿- (race), , , /, -տ ɱ Z ձ ߱ › ڱ ڱ X DZ Ͽ (moralism) c† † ™ š X ձ ſM Կ† ڱ (imperial) ` (terrain) M y , X--B ſM ձ߱Ž, ڱ + ›߱ ڱ ™L ұ ڱ MW MW ڱ : Z q ұ Š ұ + 20 ›& ձ † 1917 1949 ɿ† › , 1930 1940- ɱ- & 1960 1989 ™L ſM , Q & iœ, h , , ›& ›߿ | ۿ +™L (subjectivity)- & y ڱ Ž X ^ Z ڱ Š MW- ›& { › ɱ Q (global citizenship) DZ ™L h , q ߱ , Q ſ , Q , | Կ ߱ ߱ , , տ߱ , h ſ ձ ڱ › › ɱ? Z , }M ձ ߿ ſ (social wage) ‘ڱ’ Lš &Q 汿-˩†˜ Q ‚ h h տ- Ѧš& (supra-national bodies)- 汿-˩†˜ Q c ſ Ž տ- Ѧš& 汿-†˜ , †˜& ߱ ſM Ž †˜ › ™ ˝ †˜& i ˩†˜ , ˩†˜ ӿ , տ- Ѧš = + h™L , WTO, IMF, ɱ‚ ɱ տ- Ѧš La X Ž IMF- †˜ ɱˆK ɱ‚ › . / ›Ÿ–ձ߱ M (hegemon)- Ž ߱ ` f ձ ձ߱ ɱ k k ™L &Q › ߱ ™L = M- ˝ ſ ձ ‘La X ɱ X’- ǩ† ` › f , –ձ᱿š V Q 汿-†˜ T™ h, q NAFTA- ձ߱ '߱ ձR- ‚ (hybrid) ձ߱ ձ M S -ձ߱ ձ߱ UQ y 汿-†˜ X ›/ ߱ 汿 B X 汿 ›Q ձ ˆ- , ձ ߱ ڱ X Q, †˜ ձ ձ ձ ڱ ™ , Q ձ ™L Aɱ , ձ Q ձ Ž ձ , ۿ-ձ߱-ձ߱ ߿ ձj ߿ Ž ұh †˜ h ձ & տ߱, ˝ › 汿 ձRLa ̿ տ߱ ձ Q U ˩† տ ڱ X Q &Q ӿ߱ ձ ձ h ձ ›˝Ÿ › ›S ɼ Z ձ™LDZ c ڱ- ſM &Q 汿& ձR-La տ߱ ձ M†˜ Ž h–, ձ߱, ˝–X- ձj , M ڱ ߱ ›Š f ձ ߱ 汿 †˜ ߱ y ™ ұ Lš ›Iץ 11 ձ La X X ɱ ձ ›Š ձ߱ Q ӿ߱ ›‡ U-† › ˝ M˩†˜ ›Q߱ (dominant) ձ߱ (hegemonic) տM ӿ߱ › † M†˜ Q ڱɼ l ձ , ߱ ڱ 汿-†˜ š-߱- X ڱ X, , ‘ڱ’ ™L ձ › X, X, ձ᱿š ձS, Z X ɱ ˝ ߿ ‘ڱ’ La ڱ ߿ h Ze ڱ ձ La ɱ La ߱ ߱ + š ™ Ž ౿ , c ձ M › U U ™ S La , ߱ j La f B ſ ձ ڱ l ߱ ߱ La DZ ұh ߱ ձ ڱ տǼ ‚ h , ^ La ›Ÿ ˝ ›™L La ձ ɱ, ձ , ^ X ſ š ’ & Q ſ ձ } ſ › ձ h ſ š X h ӿ ߱ h Կ h ձj Ц ߿ ſ ſ T , ›Ÿ ™ ձ ߱ h - X- ձj ڱ BS , ˝ ›™L › B } †˜, MNC- , IMF WTO ɱ‚ DZ ձ ߱ ձj߱ h } , M ձ߱ , Bi, › Ц Ž, X ձj h - La B ձ- i Ͽ La ձ ձ ŽS ™ ձ™LDZ ձ ձ › M ›‡ ߱ ۿ x ߱ ™ տ ձ™LDZ š † – ձ , ߱ ߱ ɱ ձ ` ɱ h ߱ ձ x ™ Aɱ ߱ Ž ڱ ձ ߱ , ߱ q ձ™LDZ B j ߱ ɱˆ ɱ, ɱ ™L, 'ɱ ɱ ձ™LDZ ߱ ›‡, . . . ڱ ձ M B ڱ l , ձ ձM ڱ + +™L ڱ ڱ ձ ›+ ߱ j ձ › S տ M M˩†˜ S X , Ž ڱ f -†˜ ձ߱, , k ™L › X ›Ze ձ , ڱ Ѧ X + ˝ ‘ڱ’ ›S q , X › h, , ձ -M, ›‡-, -, ™L-g, Sn š h ›S ձſ Ž-La ߱ › K鱿 ‘ڱ’- ɱ Ž-›S + -La ŽLa Z ڱ -B Ž -B屿 ŽLa Z ŽLa f-, 汿-˩†˜ † ﱼ ڱ ڱ ſ ZQ (Binary) տ 5. ձ-›l Ž- X ڱ Ž ˝ ߿ ˝ Ͽ | SM &Q DZ ұ Ž q ˩†˜ f › i k DZ ˝ ձ X ڱ Ž ›Կ ™ , , ɱMW, M, ˦a :, , ܿ տ: ɱ † Ž ڱ ձ S ձ + š ɱɱ i ձ ſ ձ ڱ Ž + iœ ɱ ӿ߱ ձ Կ ߱ ڱ ձ + DZŽ # › ˝ S տ M, ſ , ڱ › Sn ұ Ǽ ߱ M ձſ MW / ߱ ڱ ձ ձ, ߱ , t , ›-ſM, ›-™L ™ ™L ›, ձ (primordial) ™ ձ š h ߿ , ձ ™L, ™LDZ ™ տ™Q Ž Ž , /, q, ;™L h, T™, i-Bi , ձ h ›- y ձ ˝ Lš c ձ ˝ ™L M ձſ ɱɱ ձ X g ұ ߱ MW , ˆ h, Ϗ M ձſ ǿ ڱ, X Ž ›S & ձ c ߿ ſ ߷ M ձſ ˝ ` ›/ զa, MW , ɱɱ ձ DZ, Ž ˝ ɱ MW ձ X Ž ձ š ™ ŽS ڱ MW ߱, :MW, , Ž-ѿ†, ѦԨ ™ ߱, , ɱ-, ˝ MW ɱɱ † M ձſ MW ›™ ұh, g La Ͽ ұ , ұ ձ ߿ ߱™L › ۿh X ڱ h ߱, K :MW Ž (will to power)- ձ߿ h ߱ ڱ, › - S, |-, ſ, , ڱ 汿-†˜ S™L ˝ ɱɱ ձ MW ձ 18 ձ›l •K—, } ձſ, ſM, La- ™LԿ†i MW ձ ձ M ձſ MW X q ڱ, , U汿 Ѧš& , DZ |Ϧ ɱ S ձ &Q ձ M ߱ Ž ձ S Z 䱿 Ž տ™Q ߱ ̿M ձ Ž y+ Ͽ | ߱ ԩ† ŽS DZ ձ ˝ ձ M ձſ ǿ ߱ Ž MW ձ ŽS K :MW (epistemological) ߱` › w™L S տ߱ ›‡ ձ›l ɱ“ ɱ`ɱ ɱ ›" ۿ } K 뱿ǿ Կ :MW, ɱ-, MW, ſM, ѦԨ ſM Z 䱿 : ſM S 䱿߱ } ձſ , -, -›S ™L ܿ ߱ UQ, i ſ } ձſ + ұ h K ߱ S ſM, : œ, , ߱, , › S X , y ̿M (rationalization) 豿 ձ K # # K ձ Ž , ձ߱Ž ձ ſM (instrumental reason)- ›Q, : ˆ : , Š La-, 汿-˩†˜ ›S ձ 汿--ſM--x-: › , B : ձſ ϼ K 뱿ǿ S •R — 屿h M ձſ (Critique of Enlightenment Modernity from within and beyond) } ձſ ߱ › œ ձ › X ձ ˝ MW ›PMW › ߱ › & P Ž ұ MW ߱ jS ߱ › f ‚ ˆ, vˆ, œ , , ɱ, SŐ Ž-Ž ܿ g ߱ , › š œ & } ߱ ߿Š ߱ ߱ › , œԿ ձ & ߱߿h œ ߿ Ši, X, ձſ } - , , ۿ ձ › , ѦԨ ձRDZ, ձR- ձ ձ Ž h ձ 汿 œԿ-y a &` Ž , ձR # , ձR- Ž-Ž, ѦԨ տ i ɼ n ‘‘... ɱ › 1,70,000 ›P- ſ T B, ձ ߱ ձj ... ձ߱ q , ŽS, ſ’’ ձ߱ ܿ Ž ߱ › ɱ ߿ ɱ ɱ . ſ , ‘‘... h h Š , ™L- B ӿ߱, q , ձ Mӿ’’ ձ߱ ɱ, › , ӿ, ձ š, - , 5000 ձ 3500 . .- , h › ɱ ձDZ 3000 S œ ``K S߱ , ‘‘... ձ ›PMW & T ձ ɱ ձDZ ߱ ſh ѦԨ •ձK— B h q ’’ › X, X, ձ᱿š ձS, ձ, --M ߱ U– M :MW K ›" K :MW ӿ ұh ձ᱿š ձS – ݿ ձ ձS – ſ ,– ‘ɱ ’- ձ ߱ Q ձ߱ ձſ ɱ } La , › , ձſ :, ſM ›ſM , , :, -, -, ѦԨ ߱ , ‘ɱ †˜ɱ . . .’ •DZ NSSUA, 17 ›Iץ 2002—- B, ‘‘• — šŽ (sustainable) , La, -ɱ, • Ž — h, -™L ’’ } ` †˜ , ‘ †˜’ , ‘‘ ߱ †˜ M , ߱ ɱ &–DZ › La– ձ ’’ ձ᱿š, , , , , , , M ߱, , , , –ǿ La ߱ La š , M ߱ ‘‘ Ž’’ & Ժ , ‘‘Ժ ߱ ſM / , , ձ ’’ iQ, , MW Q ŽLa > q , › ձK Lš- ›g Lš ߱ Z –‘‘ձ߱ ڱ (imperial) › ˝ ›™L ԿX ձ ’’ X ұ , ‘‘ڱ (empire)- ձ ߿ Ժ-š (benign) +’’ ›M ɱ ɱ . Ŀ (Zbigniew Brzezinski) , ڱ (empire) ŽS ձ߱ › ߱ –‘‘ ™L (vassals)- • — (collusion) , (tributaries) (pliant) Ž , (barbarians) ’’ Ž ŽLš ‘ڱ’ X 屿h †˜ DZ S߱ ɱ' ұ ›g ‘ ձ߱ ’-, ձ᱿š ձS 䱿 ›™ ڱ-Ͽ ܿ œ –‘‘...ձR- ձ›l › š , ձ ձ᱿š ɱ ™L ߱ ’’ †˜ DZ- ܿ –‘‘ɱ (obdurate) La †˜& q ձ߱ S , ™L & › S ™LM q ձ᱿š , , , , ݼ y La ߱ (implant) ŽS ߿ } š տ ’’ k - , ‘‘†˜ › ߱ + Կ† y’’ ɱ' - ɱ š #Ͽ ұ ܿ ‘‘ձ j DZ - ɱ š #Ͽ X ‘œ’ + ۿ ߱ ձ ɱ ձ™LDZ ſM Z ߱ ձ , › ™L ձ™LDZ X X , ձ M š i S ձ ɱ + †˜ ɱ` ߿ La †˜& Q MW ձ ’’ ձ߱ › , , , '߱, , , ߱&, - ձ™LDZ X -, X, . ձ. .- h hLa, , ˩, զa , F, ձ ˆ S߱ , 11 ›Iץ ձS › } ۿ ‘‘La-DZ’’ӿ ұ ɱ ɱ 뱿 , ‘‘߿ X, La †˜’’ ǿ ձ߱ ‘‘ ’’ (completely devoted) 11 " 2002- ›g , ձ߱ ‘‘ ߱ } ’’ (to ensure against anarchy) ›g , ›K ›, Ž} ۿ M ձ߱ Φ ɱ†ɱK ,‘‘ ձ B c a Ž La +™L ›d La – ߱ ձ ’’ DZM nssusa ‘‘• — ձ߱ ... h › M†˜ ߱ ˝ › ߱ , , i, La ձ ձ ձ S ߱ ’’ , X La ›‡ ɼ La ߱ , , K . ձ. . 1998- › La ›‡ ߱™L X ߱ -La , ‘ڱ’- , ձ߱ La } ǿ ձſ ұ La ‘‘ , , i’’ ™L, ›‡- š ˝ S h ‘‘ڱ’’ } La ߱ɼ ձ߱ La h La ձ߱ La , ›S, DZ, ߱ › La i Ͽ La Ž ɱ-, , †˜MW ›S տ, La , ձ š, La ›S ߱ La + MW€ } ſǩ† /€ ǿ ѦԨ–Ͽ–Ͽ ›‡ + ߱, ǿ UQ ߱ La ұ-€ ߿f– ߿ ձ ›Ÿ †˜- s , ձ߱ sϼ 2001 Ž ձ ձ ›Iץ 2000- ŽLš ‡ ߿ ‡ project for the new American Century (pnac) ‡ –k Ž , • -›K—, •k S鱿—, •ſ k S鱿— › -‘‘‹ ɱ߱’ k †˜, ` =ſ’’ –it is time to increase the presence of American forces in southeast Asia ۿ ߱߷ Vɷ M B–American and allied power providing the spur to the process of democratisation in china DZM nssusa ™L š ձ߱ –‘‘ 汿 › ձ߱Ž › Q ... ’’ K :MW •ɱ— › ™ & † DZ ɱ : Ž :MW / :MW : Ž y ձ ձ ˆ, , ۿ-ձ߱- ձ߱ :MW, ѦԨ, Ͽ } ձſ Z , ձſ -ˆ Ž-o ſM-Ǧ K Z , -›l ձſ ſM †˜ † ձſ La , ձS ɱ-` ձ ߿ Ž -ˆ – M†˜, Ѧ ߱h -} ‘’ -ˆ 11 ›Iץ La ߱ ſM , La , ձ ɱ ձ h La -ˆ ձS , -ѦԨ, ›-ձſ ܿ } ձſ ` ›-ձſ, ſ, -ձſ, ſM, 䱿 , †˜ ձS ɼ ‘M †˜’ (rogue state), ‘ †˜’, ‘ƦLa †˜’, ‘La †˜’, ‘La †˜’ X ձ ձ߱ ձS K ձ ™L } MW , • —, ɿMDZ, տ߱, ›߱ -ˆ †˜ݼ ߱ ձ / ձ߱#; ڱ –‘‘ ߱ ڱ, (cosmopolitan) ߱ ɼ’’ K DZ 18 } La, ›, , , տ߱, ɿM ɱ , ŽS › ձ߱ , La, ձ™LDZ M, ſM ձS ߱ –•1— -T զa զa ձ X •2— La ձ߱ / h La ›S ߱ M •3— զa& ձ߱ La Ž + •4— զa i •5— V ƦLa M & ձ߱ ߱ h B –- Sn V ձ & ұh ձ 18 K DZ v ձ߱- ߱ , , M, La, ſM–& ձ nssusa , •ձ߱ — ‘‘La ߱ & iœM ’’ ‘‘ձ ZŽ & &Q (key themes) La ›‡& ߱ ’’ ߱ ɿM-ǿ & ›Ÿ ̿X ձj–:DZ ߿ ܿ 榤 †ɼ ձ ›l ߿ , c S y , ſM h ›‡ ձ h ›‡ Z › h ձſ ŽLa ›‡ h c Ž :, Ž , Ž ſM ߱߱ y ŽS ™L , ſM-, տ†, ſM ߱ -ſM ߱ , › : ߱ :, -: ձ ձſ } ſX ߱ ձ La, , S ߱, ɿM M › |X, , ſM ձ ſM ›‡ Ž ›™L DZ ‘M’ , -, ߱ ѦԨ, , 䱿 ſ š ɿM-߱ ұh DZ nssusa B–‘‘-DZ ߱ -߿ , • — ɿM M › |X’’ ձ߱ , ߱߱߱ U汿 UѦԨ, Ŀ ߱, ѦԨ UQ &Q ձ ™L UQ, Ž ɿM M › |X B, ߱ -DZ ›Ÿ ‘’ ձ ߿ - ߱ Ͽh, j, h } ſM ձſ } ձſ ſM ɦš & - › ұh, -ſM ›ɼ & h ǿ : Ѧš , „, ұ 䱿, , ɱ h , ſM, - ǿ ѦԨ `, DZ ѦԨ › , V ƦLa տ߱ , ɿM La զ La Ž ƦLa h ›K ߱ ߱ } ձſ ›S La ›‡ ձ La nssusa –‘‘•ձ߱ — Lš ձſ ߱, ſ, ſ} La DZ ߱ 汿 ӿ ’’ , ձ߱ La ӿ ߱ ߱ ŽS - † ›-ձſ › ձſ ſ ‘ ˩†˜’- ſ ɱ' P- › ` Ǽ ձſ } †˜ ۿ ‘‘› ձſ’’ †˜ ձS MW ձſ ߱Ǽ ›La 鱿 v † ` S߱ ߱ , ձ᱿š pre-modern states & i †˜& ձ –The pre-modern world is a world of failed states. Here the state no longer fulfils webers criterion of having the monopoly on the legitimate use of force | ™LM some areas of the former soviet union...including chechnya. All of the worlds major drug-producing areas...Until recently there was no real sovereign authority in afghanistan; nor is there in upcountry Burma or in some parts of South America...All over Africa countries are at risk. No are a of the world is without its dangerous cases... †˜& › Ž ձ߱ Ž + ձ ձſ } ˩†˜ ߱ ‚, , La ձD, -f ™L ձ ձſ †˜ La š, . ձ. ., K, . . ձ. , զa , hLa, ɱ, ɱ f ձſ } Ͽ †˜ } M& , †, , , š, ›‡-, ձ, La, ‡ †˜& Կϼ } ǿ Ͽ, , Ͽ , ‘‘ Ž - l š ձ, ԿX iœM’’ ұ ߱ 揿–‘‘ •ձ— ™L › Ͽ h , S ſ ߱ Ժ S˜ ’’ ˝ La ǿ ߱ ձ -š ǿ , M MNC & _ŽS - ܿ ǿ ѦԨ ձ , 6. ߱ Ž S X c ձ߱ X X š , ߱ , › X › h , i, , ձſ, La, } ұ, ſM †˜ ҿ Ͽ, M , ›, ɿM ߱, ұh-M ձſ ѦԨ ҿ š , , ™L, ›‡ + h ձſ ҿ ߱ S ›‡ ձſ Ž DZ ձ߱ ɱ ŽLa ߱- •› — › •K鱿—- ™L , Ž Ժ ™L (internalized) -La , X › Ÿ+ ߱ c , ŽLa ›‡ ’ ձ᱿š, , , M ߱ ձſ , La, , , Ʀ, Sn, DZ ߱- f ɱS-™ †˜ Ž, › › ߱ Ž S , ˝ Ž ›Կ ձ ձſ } ŽLa , ҿ, ձſ ſM, La ݼ ߱ DZ ڱ ڱ ſ + , ſ տ- ߱ Ž 3 S › ձ Կ† ձ •— Q (Sovereignty) •— (Discipline) •— › (Governmentality) ߱ ձ } †˜™L Ž ձ ߱ juridico-Discursive Tradition ձ-ձ Ž › S Q †˜Ž X ˝ Ž ›Կ ŽS †˜Ž 汿-˩†˜ &Q ڱ 汿-†˜ M ›‡ ߱ Ž ߱ ǩ† f › ձ/ ›‡ ߱ †˜› , †˜ i ɱ- ձMW ձ Q › ߱ ǩ† G ߱ ǩ† ›G Ž › ›߱ ձ › , › ձ › , ձ ߱ ™ , ձ M X B ߱ ձ M B ›߱ Ž ˩†˜ ձ DZ Ž Ž ߱ ߱ Ž †˜ Ž Ž ߱ , ™LLa -š Ž-ɱ ձ ߱ c 18–19 Ž ɱ &Q ձ › › ձ-ձ Ž ߿ Ŧ† f ձ Bſ f ߱ , 17 q ›M Ž 2 + +& (antithetical) ߱ ſ h ſ ձ i ™L &B Z M › f š La Ժ , & ߱ ™ ձ (optimize), M& ձ (extortion) , (docility) ™L h, Ž ߱߱ (economic) La š& h , } Ž X Z – B-Ͽ (disciplines : an anatomo-politics of the human body) Z ›汿- (species body)- f La (mechanics) Z ZX -›S M ߱ ›S& ™, iœ , ˦š ™, ›ɱ ձ ձũ & & ›S& ձ ձ & MW ߱ ™Ž ߱ ߱ La (regulatory control)- ߱ La -† -Ͽ (regulatory controls : a bio-politics of the population) & (disciplines) ձ -† (regulations) ſ Ž n , Z-M ›ſM ›‡ Ž ›ſM B (anatomic), (biological), ɿMDZ߱ Vǩ†߱, ߱ S › X, ›S& › ϼ ձ Ž DZB ߱ ձ ɱ , DZ G (invest life) ߱ , Ž › Ž, š › Z š Z n ߱, i ^n ߱ –ɱ, ɿ ɱ, ɱ, € , ߱ Ž ŽS, ɱ , –, ձ, š, ձũ, iœ ɱ US › (techniques)- ˩ V † La & q -Ž (bio-power)- q ߱ ſ տ ſ 18 † ձ ձ ›, ŽS, ߱ M ߿ ›‡, –, Ũ ߿ ™L, –, Ž, Ž, ›Կ ձ Z, -† La (population control) › ŽS, ɱ-MW (demography)- , j ߱ ɱ, - ձ (circulation)- ˝ (tables) M ˝ ߱ ™L , -Ž j ҿ ߱ ҿ y ſ ߱ ߱ ſ •1— La (machinery)- La › (insertion)€ •2— ›S& † } S ™L ˝ ™L ›汿 , ߱, տ™Q DZ, y ߱, ɿM † ɱ, M&, (space) ™L I – ߱ ϼ ›, j, տ™Q տ™Q › Ŧ† - ›S (mechanisms)- ձ :-Ž Ţ +™L K – -Ž › ›, (integrated) ™L - - ‘ڱ’ ›M ձ Ž ſM ߱ ߱ Ž ӿ߱ ձ ߱ ɿM / ›/ ›Ž h™L Ž ɿM Ž , › Ž Z ɿM Ž › (enabling) Ž (productive), -ԿX߱ (life-enhancing), Ž߱ (life preserving) Ž , h - Ž-ɱ ձ ߱ ɿM › ߱ † › ŽS B, MW ɱ, ɱMW, †˜: MW ™LM, ձ ɿM ɿM , ›, , , Q, Q ߱ †˜ La , ɿM ߱ ձ ɿM DZ } ձſ ɿM La ™L, -› ɿM ߱ Ž-ɱ, -Ž ɿM ɿM & ›S -:& ߱ ›ſM ߱ ߱ -Ž ձ :, (regulation), La (control) ˝ Vɼ Q › ߱, ˩†˜ , Ž, M &Q (resources) , ›ɱ , P߱ ߱ † Ž h š, M, Ž, Bj g : ձ M › La Ž ›/ † La y ˩†˜ š ›ſM, :, , Ͽ ߱ & -Ͽ ^ ձ | ձ ߱ &Q - ſ տ Կ† Ž ſ S •1— •2— › ߱ M ձ ձſ } Ž La q †˜Ž X Q ձ ձM ™L &Q f , , ſM ձ/߱ Ž j Ž Կ† ձſ ŽLa ŽLa Ž ߱ ǩ† տ߱ , ߱ ǩ† ձ , ߱ f - ‘ڱ’ ŽLa ձſ La ‘ڱ’ ߱ 汿-†˜ ձ ߱ †˜ ߱ y ߱ , 18 ŽLa } ձſ տ™Q › La ձ , ™ , ΦB-La Z ۿ ſ} X ™ ™ ™ ձ߱ ɱl †˜ ›‡ ™ Ž ұh 汿-†˜ ߱ ձſ } › i ›‡ –, Ũ, , iœ-ձ|, ߱ ձſ ›‡ j š Ͽ ›Ž Ժ } M › ձſ Ž ұ › ձſ Ž Ž › La ձſ › - La ձ Q ›S : : M V M V - ձſ Ž › ›S ߱ › ձ › ɿM 榤 ſM ߱ Q ձſ Ž ձ ձ Q f ɱ La ɱ ŽLa Z ɿM, ձ, ɱ ™L- Ժ g ձ߱ Ž ɿM տ߱ MW S ›/ h ձ / ɿM B ŽLa Z ɿM տ߱-S™L MW &Q ձ ձ † ˜ B Aɱ ™L, d ձſ } Կ†߱ La ձ ߱ B ſX- DZ ձſ La ߱ Œ ߱ Ž j Ž j X ™ DZ ‘’, ‘La’, ‘տ߱’, ‘’– Z ձ Ž › ߱ - š Ž ż ›M DZ 18 19 ™L ſM (Reason) -߿f (Humanism)- ɱ (Panopticon) ǿ Lš ߱ ɱ Ž La ձŽ ^† Lš ձ ߱ ߱ Ͽ h f -ձ Ժ f Ž ɿMŽ ߱ ɱ ߱ Ž c B , š B -ձ Ժ ձſ Ž ձ , ™ ߱ ߱ ձſ } ձ › զ™ Š ›Q Ǽ ߱ ձſ ™L › , , , Ž-›S + iœ ߱ MW, Ž S › x Ͽ DZ › h ձſ ˝ ŽLa &Q › Ͽ † ›S y , S › ձ ձ y DZ Ͽ , › › ձ ߱ M ‘ڱ’ ™L ߱ › † La MW › › ߱ ˝ ߱ › ™L ձſ †˜›S ձ › › ﱼ Q, տ߱ ɱ Ν Ž La Q ›-La ߱ ›ɱ ߱ B , ›S S › B, , ™ ձ d , Ͽ , ɿ U& h › ›, i ձ-ձ, ›-›ɱ ˝ › : , Ž › ‡ ɱ ɼ ߱ ɱ ‡ ǩ† ߱ ɱ ɼ ‡ ߱ ɱ 揿 › ߱ , ‡ ߱ h › ߱ Ѧš ߱ ԿŽS - j™ Ѧš h ߱ ‡ iœ-La › ߱ Ͽ ߱ Ž › ߱ c Ž › ˩†˜ Ž › ‡ (population)- , ›, 䱿, ɱ ɱ V X , ɱ ԿX La › ձ ձ ™L Կ† ‡ ߱ -Ž -Ž › , j h, 汿, զ, š , ձLa La ߱ Ž › › ‡ g › : d ˆɱĿ ﱿ ձŽ ‘†˜ :’ ձſ } › › h ‡ |X g ߱ ձſ k ›S h c ձſ › : տ iœ ™L › › j ߱, ɿM ߱ Ͽ ߱ ߱ , Ũ, , ߱ l, l, šl, Žl, ձ, ˆ տ, , ɱ‚, Ѧš, Ž X › :G / B h › ձ/ :-›S › ɱ, i ߱, S߱, DZ, š, Ž, › Ž ›– ߱ + › › ձ ձ™LDZ ™ h h ձ᱿š ›-ձſ †˜ › †˜ , } Ž MW, › ™Ž ձſ › ›S ձ ӿ = ‡ † : , ǿ ŽLa S ſ › :G M B Ͽ ‡ ɱ ɼ ߱ q †˜La †˜ ›‡ , ˩†˜ U ›‡ ɱ › ձ™LDZ Ѧš MW › › ɱ ߱ ߱ Ѧš ߱ h › › ѿ S • La , La | Ͽ ɱ߱ — › š ߱ + B › ɱ ™ } Ͽ ™L Z M Š /Ǽ ձ -› & ߱ ™L ߱, ձ߱ } i ҿ & & ߱S ߱ , DZ MW i ›™ ӿ ߱ ߱ Ž ձ-› Ͽ ߱ , ‡ La տ߱ , › š ›Q ձ i ɱ ›Š ‡ ſ ߱ -߿ ձ ձ › ›S iœ B, + B i i B զ߱ , ձſ ŽLa X › } †˜ Ž ›‡ ߱ ‡ ҿ | ձſ ŽLa › h h † › c ſ ߱ Ž, , Ͽ › › ձ ߱, , ձ ɱ߱ ձſ ŽLa ձ ɱl, ձ ߱ ߱ ձſ š& Q, › S Ž › † ߱ , ձ߱ Ž ɱ Q ɱɱ c 18–19 Ž ɱ Q ߱ › › ձ c Q Q M ɱ ߱ › ձ &Q ߱ –The notion of a government of population renders all the more acute the problem of the foundation of sovereignty (consider Rousseau) and all the more acute equally the necessity for the development of discipline.... ձ 汿-†˜, f-† ڱ Ÿ ձſ ŽLa- f ‘ڱ’ (empire)- € X ›M ‘ڱ’ -La߱ ΦB -M ‘ڱ’ ౿B€ ߱ S† Ž S { –Accordingly, we need to see things not in terms of the replacement of a society of sovereignty by a disciplinary society and the subsequent replacement of a disciplinary society by a society of government; in reality one has a triangle, sovereigntydisciplinegovernment, which has as its primary target the population and as its essential mechanism the apparatuses of security. Ž Q MW ߱ ɱɱ † ұ , 18 19 ߱ M La š MW ۿ ѿ† ձ š տ߱ š š ձ X& ›& ›Q Q La DZ › (coercion) Z › › ɼ ›Q (domination)- š › ߱ , , Q MW ߱ ձ La ™ + Ž ŽS : ſ •1— Q ›߱ տ߱ •2— U+ † š c MW ձſ Ž ›M ſ MW , M, Z Q տi -:& ߱ ›S y š ߱ (juxtaposition) ſ ձ Ž ›M , ߿, տ߱ Q ŽG ɿ, › š + ˦a ߱€ ձ, ձ߱ ߱ ˦a M – Q Q ™ ߱ j ߱ , La X Ž ߱ , Ž (effects) Ͽ ߱ ձ Ž š տB ߱ –because sovereignty and disciplinary mechanisms are two absolutely integral constituents of the general mechanism of power in our society ձ , ‘ڱ’ ‘ڱ’ Ž ձ ˝ Ž š տB ݼ ձ -Lš , , ߱ -, › & ›S ҿ ̿X զa ձ ۥ-Lš ڱ MW , ™䱼 ձ , ڱ ձ , ‘ڱ’ h ›S 汿-†˜M ڱ •- ڱ— Ѧ X-ձ , ™L, , } La-œ, -La, f, -La߱, -›ſM- ‘ڱ’ h ձſ ŽLa › ‘ڱ’ ‘ڱ’ -š, ձſ › , Either-or ձ ձ ߱ ™ ߱ DZ ߱ DZ ߱ š, ǿM (mutual exclusiveness)- G տS ‘ڱ’ ձ ‘ڱ’ տ- ߱ ߿ h ձ տ}, -DZ, contingent h ‘‘›M’’ (given) Ͽh 汿, | |, , ˝ (multitude), , ɱ, ^, , ›™L, , -Ν߱ Ž Ž ڱ- ڱ- , Ž h, Ze š ڱ-ڱ - – Ž Ž-ɱ, Ž Ž DZ ձ DZ, ձ ˝ ˆ ձ ڱ , MM Ž ձ , -v ձſ :MW ձ ڱ Ž , ձ ڱ -› 汿 ձ ^ c ձ G տ: ܝɼ ձ Ž տ: ɱl, S ڱ › , M ڱ M › , La M ձ, La ߱ Ž „ La ڱ MW ձ᱿š, ձS , տǼ ڱ MW ձS ɿS ߱ Ž S ձ Ž š Q Ž, , , , › -† La Ž Ͽ ұ Ž ſ ձ ™ Q Ž ˝& ɼ ڱ ›Q߱ Ѧ Ÿ š ձſ ŽLa ‘ڱ’ h ›S } :MW ѦԨ K Ž- -ѦԨ- տ- Q--› Ž S տ- ձ ڱ-ڱ տ- -߱ ” ձ տ- (overdetermination) ձ ձ ˆ ձ ߱ ϼ ” ‘ڱ ڱ տ’ ߿ ɦ- ɱ ұ ›g ɿ y wš ɱ ұ ›g Ž ձ, ” ߱ Ž S ձ Ϗ Ž-Ž ſ , j, ż ” j ձ տ jɱɱ, տj , տ f, › S 1. War on the people of the world, ɦ other Voice, Kolkata, April 2003, 2. Stephen K.White, Political theory and postmodernism, cambridge, 1991, 3. , X ɱ, 8 •, 2003—, 4. տ , -DZ, 1 2 G, . . ., ߱, 2002, 5. , ‘F տ ’, ɦ other Voice, q ߱, ɱ • 2003—, 6. , ‘h X ձj g߱ ձ’, ɦ other Voice, DZM 7. տ f, ‘ Sn - ڱ ɱ X M Ž h ձ › ɱ’, ɦ Other Voice, DZM 8. j, ‘ X ձ ™’, ɦ, Other Voice, DZM 9. ſ Aɱ, ‘q ձS™L ձ’, ɦ Other Voice, DZM 10. › , ‘ X M ձſ’, ɦ Other Voice, DZM 11. ›߱ ߱, ‘߿ˆ ɱˆ ›/ , 汿†˜ | ’, տ •.—, -DZ, 1 G, . . ., ߱ 2002, 12. M. Foucault, Discipline and punish : The Birth of the prison. Pantheon, 1977, 13. ? , ‘Ž ’, ‘ ™L’ ձ 46- , 6 ձˆ, 1995, •MԐ— 14. , ‘߱, Ž ’, ‘ ™L’ ձ 60- , 12 , 1997, •MԐ— 15. › jɱɱ, ‘Ž ߱’, ‘ ™L’ ‘ɱ ѿ Ũ’ ձ 70- , 25 ձˆ 2001, •MԐ— 16. , ‘•߱— Ž ’, ‘ ™L’ ‘ɱ ѿ Ũ’ ձ 80- , 23 , 2002, •MԐ— 17. ɱ &l, ‘߱ Ž’, ߱ ɱ, †˜: , , 22 , 2002, •MԐ— 18. Mark poster, Foucault, Marxism and history, polity, Cambridge, 1985. 19. Aɱ, ™L , }/ , ߱, 2001 20. Behind the Invasion of Iraq, Aspects of Indias Economy, Nos. 33 and 34, Mumbai, December 2002, Research Unit for political Ecomomy. 21. , 2003, . . ., ߱, 2003 22. Lenin, Imperialism, the highest Stage of Capitalism, Foreign languages press, peking, 1975. 23. John Bellamy Fosters article on Empire in Internet. 24. Gopal Balakrishnans article on Empire in Internet. 25. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire, Harvard University Press, 2001. 26. Aɱ, ‘ La’, ‘ ™L’ ‘ɱ ѿ Ũ’ ձ 76- , 16 n, 2002, •MԐ— 27. , 39,9 •, 2003—€ 39,8 •n, 2003—€ 39, 6 • 2002—€ 39, 1011 •ۿ› , 2003— 28. q ߱, ɦ Other Voice, X 2003 ɱ, 2003, ߱ 29. , ‘ X– ›Ÿ’, ɦ Other Voice, DZM, . 23-34 30. Anjan Chakrabarti, Aftermath of Iraq: what should be a Radical Marxist Project? ɦ Other Voice, DZM, . 97-119 31. Samir Amin, Confronting Empire, Correspondence, I.I.M.S. (Delhi Chapter), 1 (March, 2003). 32. B. Sivaraman, Imperialism or Empire?, Liberation, New Series 9, 10 (Feb, 2003). 33. ɱ ɱ, ‘ M ſ’, ‘ ™L’ ‘ɱ ѿ Ũ’ ձ 88- , 22 n, 2003, •MԐ— 34. Aɱ, M߱, ձj, ߱, 2000 35. M. Foucault, Politics, Philosophy, Culture, Rouledge, N.Y. & London, 1988. 36. M. Foucault, Power, Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 2000. 37. , ‘Ž ձ, MWDZ +’, S •.—, †˜, , Ͽ, , ߱ 2002 38. S, ‘߱ ߱’, , ߱ ɱ, 1 •, 1998— 39. T.J. Armstrong, Michel Foucault : Philosopher, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 1992. 40. Gane & Johnson, Foucaults New Domains, Routledge, London & N.Y. 1993. 41. M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge, Pantheon, New York, 1980. 42. Jon Simons, Foucault & the Political, Routledge, London & N.Y., 1995. 43. Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader, Pantheon, N.Y., 1984.
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