Zf տœ Կ† ‘ ũ’ ձ q, ұ ﱿ Zf , ߱ h , / ߱ ұ S ߱ ɱ ɱK ǿ ձ q ž h = 1913 › Zf, ߱ ձ ߱ - ߿ š T ɱ , l B M ſ Zf Ͽ, ™ | •— צ† , ౿ , qX S Ž ߱ ZfϿ ߱ ˆɱG h , ұ ߱ տ ,ұ S S ›ϼ , ձ ұ ߱߱ ձ ߱G ɱ ‘ ũ’ ‘ ˩ ’ › q‘f ߱ ’ ‘f ߱ ’ ߱ ˥œ, , Ũ › q ձ, ߱™L ߱™LϿ ߱ ܿ h › ™L › 208 ౿ ձ 65 ౿ &- q ձ h ™L &l 12› › – ,› ›Ÿ ɱ ձ ߱G › / ‡ , ұ : : B › › ұ ? &l- / › ձš ™L ձ ұ– ұ ߱߿ Z ™L ™L › = S | c ߱ › Ͽ B & S ߱ - ŽS, ձſ | ߱ , m ߱ ߱ • — Ͽ ұ ձ ߱ ߱ ſ ›Ÿ 骱ɱ’߿ ‘ ›’ Ͽ ߱, |n, ձ q Š ɿM } ձ, ձ™ ߱ ձ ſX ſM › ձ ߱ Š- - , ›ɱ ›ɱ/ ߱ cerebral s ? ſ Ͽ w տ & ձſ ߱ ŽS, Ͽ߱ ߱ ɿM ұ 榤 Կ†› ұ ߿Š , , –& ұ Կ† / ұ 榤 - ұ ұԿ†Ž S ɱ , › Ͽ ϿU / ұ ձM ұ ? ձұ h Šϼ ұ ѦԨi Ž -ǿf h ұ ߱ h, 䱿 , ߱ ›ɱ ұ ߱ ſši Q ™L ɱ Ÿ ߱ ſX , , 䱿S šQ Կ† { ›M#Ͽ ™L Ͽ Ž߱ j h ſ šQ } Ž › – ұ M ձ ұ , , ŽS ұ ߱ ,ұ B M B ›+ B, ߱ ‘M’ S߱ / B , ұ - i i B M ұ } , q Ͽ ™L q h DZ M, , ձ Ͽ :, ߱ Š i i h ™ A Lš ұ s j ‘ ᱿ “߿ ’ ѿM Ѧ š ߦš ™ M™L – 汿 , ک† ™, ̿߱ f , ձ _ ձ| ɱ ɱ ™L›Կ › ձ – ›_| _ ǿ߱ DZ & տ + B B ѿ Š_ ձ ձ ձ q ک† տ› +߱ Š Q La ұ qX | ŽS ձ Ž Ž ɿM-߱ 榤 ߱ ұ M , › M›, +DZ ߱ , j ݦ ſ - ﱼ ̿ š ſ M , š ﱼ c ߱ ™L q„ ‘’ BS ձ ձ‘’ BS ™L h h ߱ ܿ +ɿM-Š › La, ‘ ’ BS ձ ұ Q g , ұ䱿 žS Ͽ ձ Ͽ ձ ̿|n ߱ c Š +߱ † ߿ ձ S Ǧ ձ Š DZ , Š ک† Ž / ձ # ߱S- ߱ ߱ jDZ ߱ Š‡ M™L, ™ſ ŽS U † ձ տX +Ͽ ձ + ձ c ɿ ſ} ɱ ձ 汿 – › +Ͽձ ձM ߿ c ߱ , ߱ ձ ߱ U DZ ‘ ’ ›䱿 Ͽ ձ ձ ߱ſ ߱ † ϿϿ ߿Š ɿM 㱿 c ձ} -ſ- Ǽ p Ž › ^| , ߱ ߱ ߱ ۿ p Ž Կ† – p M U p › ™߱߱ ›䱿 } h ™ † x ߿f ձ p cŽ h › † ߱ c ›Ž , 1890 › Ž ɿM X = 㱿 | = ‘’S߱ j S ſ Ͽ ›߱ ™L ſ տ Ͽ Ž › ›‡ › š f 2 Ž ձ ձ œ ߿ MW , ձ ߱ š h+ – ߱ ߱ „ - ձ߱ ձ ձ ձM & , ߱ ձ ձ › MW ձ Ǽ / / š h + , ձ ߱ / Կ† ߱ ߱Š _ iœ ձX ߱ ſM B ձ Š } ک† B + ߱ ߱, , ߱ La , ɿMQ ұ, hŽ , _T La › ››‡ Ͽ ff S ձ ձ , ››‡ h ߱ DZ ? Š ձ ™LDZDZ ſ ™LDZDZ ϿŽ | ߱ Ǽ Š ұ c ‘ ߱ ’ BS ‘ձ߱ ’ + ‘œ’ s ߱ Ž ‘›’ ? cձ – _ /տœ h 榤 ߱ ™L & Š DZ : , › ձ߱Ž , Š _˝ h Ц œ, ӿ DZ ձ Ž Š ɿ ձŠ ™LR | j c ձ ک† ձ Šϼ c›Ÿ , ߱ Š , ک† ձ , ձ ›™L | Ž տ ձ , ک† › ϿŠ :f› ᱦ f ɱ ‘Š ﱿ’ h-h ұ ک† ŽS f ұ ſM , ұ ߱ ұ ›Bi ұ , h Q ߱ ک† ſM ݿ: : ұ j B ұ › ߱ ұ ߿ DZ Ž ߱,߱ տ ‘ ձ’ : ұ _ Ŧ, ߱ h ߱ , , c ‘Š ﱿ’ / ߱ ձ߿ DZ ک† +߱ Qh ߱ ۿ ձ f S hک† ձ h , ұ M › f ߱ 汿 ‘ variation ,’ ߱‘ Š ߱ ’ qſ Կ† Ž™L f š , DZ ‘ Ž տ’ › q f ұ + q ™L ™L տœ ſұ M ſ c , ձ c Ž Φ › Ž ձ ߱ f ұ ™L f ߱ B S ɿ j տ 汿 ‘ձ Š Z ձ caricature ’ ձ߱ Š Z ɱ, ߱, ™L f Ͽ߱ -M™L ߱ c ձ f ɱ ұ ſh ‘ ’, ›g ‘{œϿ›’ Ͽ † f MW ұ h 榤 /ſ ›Bi + ұ Ž ۿ › ѱ ձR›߱ j / ձR_ h U DZ , p M DZ, ɱ j _ ߿ ſ ߱ , ž ›Žտ: =Ͽ– ұ ™LŽS |n-տ: ұ ߿ + g– h , X B ұ ߱Ŀ ұ ߱ ™ տԿұ U jŦš տ߿= ұ ɿ M } , ұ Z ɿM+ ߱ ձRŽ Ž ™Lձ| ,‡ ձ /ұ ұ S Կ†ɱ+ ұ Vl ››‡ ̿ ߱ ̿ ұ , f B ſM › f † -™L La ™L + › ұ › ߱ 㱿 ұ ұ ǿ† i / =| h S ȼ ™ ձ ߱ h ձ– ߱ 屿 榤 䱿S ›‡ ұ › ›g , , , g , ™L Ž M M ձ™ ձ™ h |ݼ ‘› 䱿’ š M f ѦԨ M ұ › ߱ ձſg, ұ 䱿 X– U Կ† f ұ ұ Կ f ұ j , ŽS, ™L Q ұ ߱DZ h _ | , ߱ ߱ տŽ ᱿߱ վ ұ ұ ܿ h Š ߏ ұ B ߱ ‘Š Z ɱ’ , ұ ߱ : ‘ ’ ձ ߿ f ›߱ ‘ɱ ’ f - › ɿ › ›‡ӿ ұh ߱߿ ұ ߱ › Ž ұ † _, › , Ž ™L q|n, › f M Φտ:-›-j- ұ G › , ߱ ™L ұ h fϿx, Ž Ž Q ɼ › † ſ, , ձ| ұ S M ձ h hh 䱿 f ұ ߱ h ɱ , -›Ÿ , ձR߱ U ک† f Ž , _ ձ, S GϿ ™L ߱G–ک† h =- ձ ձ y Sɼ fſh ձ ɱ › M™L ұ U ɿM – ߱߱ M ϿM h ɿMQ ɱ ɿM M# ߱ ձ| ɿM -‡-V, տ Ž™L , Ž ձ| B˜ f ձ 汿ұ , j / ұ ›™ Կ† ձ fŽS ӿ ɱl ձ ߱ ձ SS œԿ ɱ-G߱-S/ & ›Ž MW =š ™L, ɱ f ձ ұ ձj ձ ǿ ұ, ‘ j ’ ձW ұ ߱ ,† B ұ M߱ , › ›‡ › Q ұG ›‡-Š ұ ձj j f Ž qX ձ| ™ Sf ™LǿM › ұŽ™L 榤 ձj: ձ Ž La, ſM ›Կ ɿŽ ߱ › y † f տ› Ž-ŽS-Ž-Ž / i ™L & Ž h h G ,ұ h & G,› qX Ž › MW ұ Ž f ™L ߿ ›X ձ ™L › ›X ߱ / ›› & SS f - , ձ ™L ߱ S j 44 { fϿ › Ž & ձ, › f › j-™L Ž , X ձ| ձj ұ œԿ• ’— ߿ Ž ? ߿ .......... w տB ?, , ߱ ۦڱ ߱ , ұ, ɱ, ձ ,‘T ձW y ›ե ’ ɱ} ձ , h S j ձj g f ұ ‘߱ - ™L- h’ Ž † ձ , f d › ›M ձ La ſ ձ h X ձ‹ -™L, ™L & ߱ fž f 26 ұ He was the first composer inIndia to regard his songs as indivisible entities, into which other singersshould not introduce their own variations as they habitually do when singingany bodys songs. He is undoubtedly thefirst Indian composer who felt his compositions were finished pieces of work,where ornaments were admissible only where he himself had intended them to be.A change in the melody, a change in rhythm and on extra trill or run here andthere only could detract from the original meaning. As he felt strongly that hismelody expressed the hidden sense of his words, a change from what he hadcomposed meant, without fail a falsification of his intention. 3 c ɱ , ѦԨ ұh , f ک† ™L SS ձ| ߱ ߱ ™L › , j , a, , ?, ™, , ™L ߱ f U ™L f qX La ^ / ‘ , Q S ’ ‘ Ͽ ’ ›/S ‘߿ ߱ g Ͽ›, S S gݼ’ c߿ ձ / ߱ , ߱ ձ- + › -᱿߱ ɱ j ک† Š , , | U™L f h ɱ ™L ߱G ᱿߱ , | ›Bi ߿ S, ک† › Z ձ Ц ɿMQ ұ ɱ ›Ÿ ‘-ɿM ’ ߿ –™L ߱ › f ™L,1937 , ߱ BS f ұ ұ M G ک† ɱ – ձ ձRŽ + ϿŽ |›S ߱ , › h‘ſM’ ‚ { f ‚ ߱ _ f q ɿM Ž| / ձh h › f ɱ › ‘ſM’ 㱿 h ſM ɱ , ߱ | ұ ſM } f ߱ – ک† ‚ { ձ ߱G ‘ ’ ߿ ߱ j ߿ ‘ ’ ߱ ‘ſM’- ұ h ‘’ ‘’ f ? 汿 , c f wſ Ž h 㱿 | / ձ Ѧ ϿŽ•DZ Ͽf G Ž— ᱿߱ f Կ† ‚--߱›Ž h , ұ ձ ſ B ձ ձ ձDZR › › h q -ٿQ-ɿ ձ DZ-- ™L BS f „ ɱ › BS Š X f 1937 ߿X™L cq BS , f S տ߱ = ȼ ұϿ & ߱ = + 㱿 -ѦԨ f տB , տœM߱ › ɱ 1941 f› ߱ › f Žf‘’- Ž 1961 ұ ſh f h , /, DZ y / f ™ Š B ‘’- G& ˆ f ſɱ ߱M S ™LM ұұ q › ߿ ձ MŽ : 汿 ,/ ™L 䱿 f ߱ Ͽ ߱ ߱ ŠŽ ԿS hS Š fϿ ɱ ›߱ տ Š f › ‘ ձ ’ = ұ ұh‘ Š’ ‡ ›߱ q fϼ - _ ‡ ߱ DZf ߱ Š † c Կ† : ˝ ‘ ’ ? MW ߿߱ ſS Ͽ ߿ ɿM /ſ ‘’ Z䱿 U ձ ’- xѦ ‘’ ߱ ™L &l f› ߱ ‘S/’ , ߱: ߱ + + S/ _ ұ ſS ߿߱ ɼ ̿M › + +S/ ߱ /, _ ߱ տg & B, ౿ Žݼ f ձ ߿ 䱿 ‘ && ߱ ߱’š qX :›Bi f G ձ ұ fϿ B K – - hS ߿ † qX / Š , ‡ ұ | SS h ſ ,, ſS S, ߿߱ jɱɱ, Z ɱ, &, , , ſS , , S , Ͽ, Ž-S ձ Φڱ ɱh | ߱ Bf ſM ձi, ߿ ձ Mұ 1991 c ߱ Ž Q߱ ձձ f ߱ Ѧš ™ Н h, U ɱ ߱ ұ Š fϿ ձœ , , ߿žӿ, O, ϿŽ ᱿߱ ɱ c / Š f ұ ſ ߱ , ߱ ұ߿ h f Sұ ձ ձ f›/ ұ , Qұ › ›߱ f -h Ѧ ›Ÿ ߱ ɱ Š f , ‘- ߱ ߱ ձ ձ B’ h h f ϿŽ | ձɼ f , ߱™L ձ f _ =‡ Š ұ ɱ ™Lf ɱ Š ձ, Š f › c ›G ›, Ž‡ ұ Ž ſ ™L, , , ߿߱, Ͽ q fϿ Š ſ f f ձ f ߱™L / ձſ f – - ұ Ž Aɱ T ұ ձ߿œ O, = La › / = | / h –߱ 㱿 |-Š ԩ† h = ұ ұ տ鱿 T š ɿ La h _ ’ ұ տ߱ ұ f ձſLa/ ſ › S 㱿 |, , f Ž , ŽS տ鱿 f + ұ ߱ La , ߱ y Ž ‘ ’ ձh • ‹ 榨— ұ f ɱ Կ | q qX ձ߱ ›߱ f ſ ™ fϿ ձ | ձ ұ߱ S S = տ߱ f ߱™L ߱ ұ , , S, M _ ܿ 1993 ұ f ձ l, 1995 ›߱ hS c ›߱ ɱ S 4 ౿ S 4 ౿ ߱™L Ž߱汿, ‘ɱ, ɱ S , c ձ ձ ձ ձ ձ ’ ձ ߱ Š ‘ձ’ , ұ , ձM B ߱™L ձDZ ұ 58 ձh ɼ ɱ, | , ߱ f | S /Ž, ^,ұ ߿Š ұ h Ÿ f ձ ɱ Š › B ұ ›Ÿ ձ ‘’ ‘|n’– f› M • — ǿ ɼ ›Ÿ ձ h – f f ձ M ſ ũ†ſ ›Ÿ ձ ߱h , ? ձ M ձ ձ f = 鱿c - h - › c f ߱™L ߱ = Q ŽS ұ տQ , ߱ fϿ ձ - ұ † ‘B ک† , | ӿ ’ ߱™L DZ U ›d ߱߱ ұ ɱ q ұ 汿 ‘= ձⱿ ϼ La/, / ɱ , տɿM& = ﱿ’ B – ߱™L ‘ձ’ ߱ ұ ‘ տk’ › ѿ ›ɱ ұ ‡ ‘ Sɱ’ f ŽS ұ ձ ߱߱ - ұ f U DZ߱ ձɱ ұ h, ձ, ߱ ߱ ›K ұ f DZ B c S ŠϿ ұ DZ i 汿 ұ ɱ h f DZ ܿ / ߱™LϿ ұ š , ұ B, › h ^ ѿ s ձ| f musicalvalue ձ aesthetic value -/ ձ cerebral value ™s | տ› ձ ɱɱ ſ ߱™L M Ž ұ տ› տB s , h ձj / ‘? ?’ ‘?’ ‘?’ s ɱ + /ſ = ^, ‘y’ ﱿ - _ / ұ ... ߱™L , , _ / = Կ† ձ} ˥œ.... ™L ߱™L j , s - ұ ұ j -j ߱, ߱ ұ , ›ɱɱ MW ›ɱɱ ɱ La B ɿMŠ , DZ } h ߱™L ™L ұ ‘Š’ › ߱ ұ ɿS /– ߿ Ͽf .... X _, _ ™Կ, , ɱ t, f ұ › Ӧ†, տ߱ Š ߱ ձ| ߱ ›/ ›/ ™ ձŽ › i i S i i_ ›߱ ߱ _ S .... _ › ߱ ſM › h.... ձ ۿ տ տɿM.... / M s › B B s &Q | ſ h ™ | ұ - ձ ߱ Ž ߱ , 汿 X ™L ұ ſX ձ߿œ U ›ɱ ұ 2002 G ߱™L ձ , ձ ձ , c ձ 4 2002 M f †˜›߱& › ұ ұ , U ›BS S f S f߱ .. š ™L S f – ߱ , ›ɱ qX ‘’ S S ɱ Š f q / 䱿 ɿM ұ 榤 ߿f ɱ ! ɱ f ‘ɱg’ ߱ jұ ‘f ǿ߱’ QM f › ߱ձ , c Ͽ ›˝Ÿ ұ- - ߿ f x & ߿ ɱ ™L ɱ ߿f ɿM ɱ-X ,x & ›߱ ߱ › | ™L ߱ ߿ ұ ѿ B ұ Ž ߱ h ձ ձ ߱ Š+ ϼ x ұ ߱ f ߿ ̿ ұ ɱ ›S | ұ ‡•‘ ’— f cfϿ Q ߦœ ձ G SǼ ›ձj ‡ ɱG Z# ߿ ‘ ’ 12 f ɱ ұ B䱿 ձ f տ߿= qU # ձ q X † ɿM ™Lɼ : ұ_ f Ÿ + ‘ g’ ŠϿZ ɱ ɱ f › , ɱ ձ ᱿߱ձ Q / h ‚, } › , ɱ jŦš Ǧ ߱ ձ ſ_ f › f: † B ‘ ’ ɱ ձ q , ձ ѿŽl M ‘’.... f & տM ձ j * Š X / S ›S ™L ߱ ձRy DZ տտ† , f h, ԩ† , ձ ձ ձ ձ ձ f ߱ Կ ձ ߱ ک† |‡ŠϿ ›/ M™L Ž ձ ߿ M ‘ձ .... ŠZ ձ caricature ’ M ձ c Š Z ,™ h ™ տ X f ™ Կ f - ǿ߱- j › ›– ̿ / --2003, 23 3 ɱ
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