M/ ౿ ձ 1947 ձ M }/ M›™L 6 = M/ }/ M ›™L , ™ - j- ߱ - & / ™L ™ 汿 M/ ǿ - &h - ߱ ߿ ` ձ M Ž ձ߿ ұ M/ ұ M/ ſ ` ձ , , ᱿ ѦԨ M/ La տ™Q ձ ձ }/ M La M/ ɱ, M/ †˜ ɱ , ɱ‚ ߱ - ߱ ›‡ / M/ M ߱ - ߿f † &Q DZ=,M/ }/ ձ- š fӿ ߱ ߱ ɱ DZ › - { M/ S S ѦԨ DZ La › B M/ h, - , - - ›Կ S U S 汿 汿 ™L B ߿, Š, ›g ɱ Ž ɱ DZ ձ ɱDZ ɱ = DZ ŽS , j ɱ ձ= - - M/ = ӿ ɱ DZ ұ ұ տ߱ M / Ͽ߱ ձ M/ տ߱ i , ձ ձ ұ ›iœ ձ | }/ ߱ ߱߱ = ұ M/ ›Կ S * ұ ɱ M/ ձ= ӿ ߱ ձ ձ ұ h M/ ߱ ߱ M/ ›Ž ɱ ձ= ɱ ձ= La ձ, M/ ›Ž ɱ& Ž ‘߿ ɱ ߱ = S ϿϿ › ›Կ ` h ɱ + , ձ ձ= ձɱ տ ߿’ • S߱ ‘ձ= ɱ’ jɱɱ ›g •› ›™— M/ ߱ ɱ ߱ ձ Žɼ M/ S ӿ տ™Q ձ Ž / - ӿ M &h - - Ÿ ߱ ӿ, = Կ US 汿 汿 ɼ q &h ߱i ձ › › , DZ ձ, տ†˜, ^h ձ ߿ q &h ‘U-’ •Multi- Lingual district— , Ž Ž S U ߱ɱ DZ ձ M/ DZ Š ߿ S Ž , ɱ DZ ŽS M S › , M/ M M ձ= +S ձ - ߱ M/ ձ= ›Ž ‚ f Aɱ ұ ‘ ’ ɱ ™ M/ ձ= ›Ž ‚ f Aɱ ұ ‘ ’ ɱ ™ M/ ›Ž ɱ ™ ɱ ?, _ /, S˦ڱ ɱ ߱ U - ߱ ᱿ š S˦ڱ ™ f DZ Š, S, ߿ ǿ, ߱, ɱ ɱ › ɱ ŽS ǿ h ӿ ? ‘?’ ‘ Ž’ ߱ › ǿ ɱ ™ &h ɱ S ߱ /ɱ ‘’ ɱ ձy ‘ ’ S߱ f ߱ &h ߱ ‘Ze’ ɱ ߱ { 1912 ϩ†s ‘’ ߿ ɱ - ߱ ұ DZ ձ ɱ h ɱ ŽS S { ‘’ h ձ ߿ ɱ f ‘տ’, f S ‘j ߱ ’ ɱ ‘ , DZ ܿ ɱ ‘ ’ S‚ ܿ ɱ ‘›{’ › f Zd h ‘ +’ ɱ ‘ ɱ ձ’ - ߱ ‘s ’ ɱ › f ‘ +’ ɱ •1369 /s— ձ= ɱ ˩† X ձ= ɱ ߱ = j ɱ #; ߱ › y / տ S , M/ Կ† S, X , ™MW S, ϿDZ ߱ ›/ տ h ձſ ߱ ౿ La տ տ ߱ ߱ ߱ ұ S ɱ Š տ߱ ŽS ɱ ›Ž S DZ M/ - ‘h `’, ‘ ’ ’ •1950—, ‘ ſ’ ‘DZ’ ‘h ’ ‘Zd’ ‘ ’ ‘’ ‘ұ’ ‘ M Կ’ ‘骱 g’ ‘տ ›汿’ ɱ M † ձ ձ տ › c ұ U Ž߱ ձ ߱ ߿f ұ |X ˝ ұ ɱ ߿ տ x ɿ M/ M ›, c › † Ž ձſ߱ M ߱ ұ ɱ DZ ұ &h › f ɱ ‘’ ɱ ɱ i › &h ձ › •1929 - 1963— M ›‡ S - S߱ ౿ ^ ձ h ™ ߱ - › › ɱ ‘’ -ձ߱ ɱ h •߱M h— › › ɱ DZ ‘Anti Novel’ ձ ɱ 1960 ›߱ ߱, S ɱ ߿ տ™ տɿM Ž ‘ұh ’ Ž M ձ߱ ›߱ ‘ S ›Ÿ’ ‘߿h h’ ɱ ɱ ձ߱ ›߱ ’ › ߱߱ ǿ ›Ž ‘ ’ ɱ = ™ ұ 榤 ɱ ™ ™ ™L ձ™L › ‘™ M™L’ M™L --- M - Կӿ, ߱ , ɿM, x › ‘™ M™L’ › Ž ™ M™L ձ Ͽ Ͽ ‘™ M™L’ y ɱ ɱ տ ſ ߱™L ɿM , & / ™L h Տ ‘Ž ™’ Š M/ ұ ɱ M/, &h ձ &h ұ &l ұ ‘X’ ձR ɱ &h p , ɱ ձ &h S M ߿† ™L &l ɱ ձ &h ߱ , h , { = ™L ߱ M/ &h &l ߱ ɱ ɱ M/ › = - ձ † { ›g ߱M h ߱ ߿ S ձ ߱ϼ ߿ &h h ™L V ɱ ‘ ’, ‘’ ‘ ’ ‘’ ɱ {ɼ M/ ›/ ұ &Q 1949 , = ӿ Š ɱ ‘ ’ ɱ | ɱ ˦ڱ † ߱ DZ ›d -›‡ h S߱ ‘ſ’ ɱ ߱{ ᱦ ‘ ˆ’ ɱ Ǽ - ›‡ / ұ ŏ ұ &h &h ߱ M ұ Š ɱ ձ -=, , - - = S 汿 ձ › ‘ӿ’ ౼ h ɱ ‘M߱’ ‘M߱’ ɱ ձ ߱ &h ™ ‘߱’ ‘߱ŏ’ ɱ M/ &h ձ ɱ ‘h ձ ߱ ‘’ ɱ S &h ›Ÿ h ߱ Կ† h S ‘߱’ ɱ h &h ɼ ұ ɱ › ߱ ߱ j &h--- &h ұ ߱ / ұ ™L/ Ǽ ұ ɱ M = ߱ › Š ɱ ձ ߱߱ ›Կ ™ ձ զ† iɼ ߱ ŽS ձ™L ұ ɱ M ձ ‘ ’ ‘ ɱ?’ ‘™ M ’ • —, ‘h ’ •— ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘› ’, ‘gɱ - ߱’, ‘›ɱɱ’, ‘’, ‘ M’ ›Կ ұ{ ɱ ұ ‘ ’ ɱ `& ›|n ›߱ Ž &h ұ M &h , ߱߱ ߱ ձ= š ɱ ɱ ™ › DZ - ձj / › M ˦ڱ X ұ Կ†/ † ұ ‘ Š X , , ձ ߿’ •›d-“ ɱ— ұ & ɱ ‘ ˦ڱ’, ‘ձRŽ տ߱’, ‘Կ ’, ‘ ձɱ’, ‘ ’ ›Կ {ɼ ‘ ˦ڱ M &h ӿ }/ M g߱ & ұh ˦ڱ ż Ž Š ɱ ձ i ›Ž ɱ ұ - ™ Š ߱ ߱ ǿ M/ š M/ i 汿 ™L/ տ ߱ ߱ ұ › { ‘’ + = ұ ‘U` h’ ɱ d‡ g Ǽ ɱ ‚ , ձ= ™ S Կ† ұ Z { ɱ ‘g߱ ’ ߱ Š߱ ɱ߱ | ұ ౿ M Aɱ ߿ M ձ ߱ / ұ M , Ž S ™L ұ { ɱ ‘›’ ұ’ ‘i’ ‘ S’ ›Կ ‘›’ ɱ M h ձj X ɱ ձ, , ™L ɱ ߱ ™ ұ ɱ ɱ › M ™L , ߱ ձj h › - - ˦ ɱS ﱼ ‘i’ ‘ ’ ɱ ɱ˦j S M &h / ұ ձ™L h Ͽ߱ S ™ h , &h Œ &h ұ ձ ձ , ›™L , ™L ұ ›߱ ɱ ձ ‘ ұ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’ ‘ ’ y ұ |‡ ɱ ౿ ſ - ‡ ɱ ձ= ɱ ձ ұ M i ˩†˜ ŽS Ž A ߿S ɱ ‘ ’ ɱ ›Կ ձ տ™Q ɱK Ͽɱ ɱ ձ ›Bi ɱ › S M ›Կ, ձ › ? ߱ ɱ › ›ſM ɱ ߱ ›g &h / M M / / ұ h ‡ ‘տ ’ ɱ ɱ , ձ , ߱ ѦԨ ɱ ɱ S & › U ɱ ‘ ’ ӿ ձ , - US ձ ձ , B տ { › ɱ ‘ :’ ɱ ﱼ ɱ ձ ձR g, ӿ M M - Š - ߱ ɱ ߱ ɱ M ձ ߱߱ ’, ‘ձS’,‘h ’, ‘ ›’ ɱ ɱ › ɱ ‘ Ž’ ‘ ұ䱿’ •1395— տj A ›߱ ɱ ‘ Ž’ տ&l ? &l Š ɱ ձ M ѦԨ h տ A y ɱ S S߱ ɱ ձ߱ ›߱ &h ŽS ™L ɼ ǿ ѦԨ = x › ѦԨ DZ ŽS › &h ߱߱ ձ M/ ɱ &h h ᱿ š , S &h M - }/› Ɀ ϼ M/ ѦԨ &h &Q - s &h ߱ SS߱ ߱ SS߱& &h Ѧ ɱDZ ŽS › ұ h •1961— ›, ›Ÿ, , ߱ , f ձ߱, ߱ , , DZ, ž ɱ ‘ - h’ ɱ Ѧ ɱ ӿ h ߱ ǿ ߱ , š , ձ ih , š ѦԨ ™L/ › M = , ұ ߱ ɱ, Š, ›g ұ ɱ ‘ɿ ?’, ‘’ • —, ‘h’ = M ұ ǿ տ: ұ ‘’ • iœ—, ‘h’ = M ұ ǿ տ: ұ ‘’ ɱ = -| ɱ ™L/ M™L ɱ M ɼ ‘ ’ ձ߱ ›߱ ɱ ձſ ɱ M ›Կ, ߱, ӿ Ѧ ɱ ձ ձ ™MW? › S › ߱ ɱ ߱ ձſ › US ? ‘ ’ ձ ™L › ɱ Š߱ ձj ߱ ɱ ‘™L ‘U ɱ’ ձ߱ S ‘’ ɱ ߱ - ™L › - › - hLa - ߱ U ߱ϼ ›Ž S ߱ MW › ɱ տ ұ Կ†/ / i ›Ž S › ߱ ߱ ߱ M ›Ž , M , / ™L › ﱼ x Կ† ߱ ɱ ‘߱ h’ › ǿ ӿ ‘#; X’ /ɱ ‘ - }’ ɱ h &h ߿ ‘/ ձ ’ ™L † ձ™L j j ɱ / ߱ &h M ձ ұ ‘’ ɱ › S &h ‘ձ ߱ ’ ›Ÿ &h, &h, ɿ ձſ Ž ſ ߿ &h տ: ‘’ ɱ M Ž / ߱ ձ S , , › , c ұ ߱ ߱ տ: ‘h ’ ɱ ɱ x ߱ M ɱ տ: { , ձ M ’ ɱDZ ұ ߿S, ߱ M ӿS ౿ ұ ߿DZ, Š - DZ › ߱ ɱ DZ &Q ᱿, ߱ ` M / Ǽ - ߱ M &Q S ߱ h - , ӿ, , S, ձ, ^h, տ†˜, / S 汿 - B, տ , , տ , &l, , Ž ›iœ ɱ M ӿ M , ѦԨ M ߱
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